the Necklace By guy de maupassant Essays - Emotions, The Necklace

Desire and jealousy are among the best of sins and have been the defeat of many. Maupassant's The Necklace is the tale of a lady who is overwhelmed with desire and jealousy. Mathilde Loisel feels she has been cheated by life from the entirety of the brilliant things it brings to the table. The peruser figures out how these characteristics in Mme. Loisel cause issues down the road for her for a long time as the story unfurls with an amusing consummation. Mathilde Loisel, as the principle character of the story, is really authentic. She is depicted as one of those pretty and beguiling young ladies who are now and again, naturally introduced to a group of clerks(900). The creator depicts how she experiences her way of life of being white collar class. There is a cliché rich man, poor man quality as Mme. Loisel yearns for the material things that her old classmate Mme. Forester has. The physical appearance of the characters just as their activities, thought, and feelings are definite all through the story. The fundamental character's life, just as her husband's, takes a sensational turn and the creator depicts the physical and enthusiastic changes in incredible detail. The story's title doesn't connote the subject in any case, the topic of the story is repeated all through the story. She had no dresses, no gems, nothing. What's more, she didn't adore anything yet that; she felt made for that. She would so have gotten a kick out of the chance to if you don't mind to be begrudged, to be enchanting, to be looked for after(900). Mme. Loisel was desirous of her companion and any other person who had more than what she had. She felt that she merited these things.

Importance Of Distribution Channels Marketing Essay

Significance Of Distribution Channels Marketing Essay Which means: in the field of showcasing, channels of dispersion demonstrates courses or pathways through which products and ventures stream, or more from makers to purchasers. We can characterize officially the conveyance channels as the arrangement of related showcasing foundations partaking in the advertising exercises engaged with the development the progression of merchandise or administrations from the essential makers to extreme shoppers. A channel of conveyance is a way followed in the immediate or roundabout exchange of responsibility for item as it moves from makers to buyers. A channel is pipeline through which a streams on its way to the buyers. The supervisor put his items into the pipeline advertising channels and it moves towards different promoting individuals and arrives at a definitive purchaser which is the opposite finish of the channels. Segments of dissemination framework: The dissemination framework includes two segments, for example, underneath. Channels of dissemination Physical dissemination Channels of dissemination: implies a procedure through which the items are moved from the makers to a definitive buyers. It otherwise called promoting channels. The channels individuals, for example, shippers operators wholesalers and retailers are mediators in dispersion and they play out all promoting capacities. These channels individuals, for example, dealers operators wholesalers and retailers are go betweens in commitment and attempt perform as indicated by showcasing capacities. These go betweens encourage the procedure of trade and make time, spot and ownership utilities through coordinating and arranging process. Arranging empowers meeting or coordinating the flexibly with customers request. Physical appropriation: it cares for physical treatment of merchandise and guarantees greatest clients administrations. It targets offering of conveyance of right merchandise at the night circulation exercises spread: Request handling Bundling Warehousing Transportation Stock control Client support. All center in circulation on plays out these capacity and they guarantee putting the items with in an a safe distance clients want and request. Components of dissemination channels: Way: dissemination channels are a pathway through which items and administrations stream from makers to clients. Stream: this of products and ventures in successive and for the most part in directional. Creation: it is made out of delegates likewise called brokers who take an interest in the progression of intentionally. Targets: in spite of the fact that channels segments generally endeavor to accomplish commonly adequate goals, the producer center is an accomplishing corporate showcasing objective. Pioneer: maker drives the channels parts and their conduct is controlled by commonly worthy set of accepted rules, exchange client as well as contracted specification. Along these lines the organization goes about as the channels inscription and deals with the pathway. Capacities: the go-betweens perform such capacities which encourages moves of proprietorship and ownership of merchandise and enterprises from advertisers to buyers. The capacity performed by middle people is been delegated follows: Sifting through: it includes breaking a homogeneous through evaluating or review. Amassing: it includes bringing various like items together into an enormous homogeneous flexibly. This procedure is called focus. Portion: it includes sifting through of amassed items and comprises of separating a homogeneous gracefully into smacker parts it is likewise alluded to as the procedure of scattering. Arranging: it includes building a variety of various yet maybe a related item to shape a load of a delegate. At the maker level combination are directed by creation innovation while at the buyer and, use arrangements are administered by utilization design. These disparities in variety make open doors for mediators to take an interest in the channels of appropriation. Significance of dispersion channels: Channels of dispersion for an item the course taken by the title to merchandise they are from the makers to a definitive buyers. It is significant in light of the fact that item in one spot while the utilization dissipated in many spot. So there is enormous hole among makers and the shoppers. So through channels of circulation can just fill the hole. A channel of dispersion associates a connection between the makers and the customers. The center man assumes a significant job in shopper direction request. The brokers are expert in focus leveling and scattering, for example gathers yield of different makers partition the items as indicated by the necessities of the customers. scatter this collection to the buyers. The accomplishment of channels of conveyance [COD] is totally relying on the go betweens as they make time and ownership utility. The COD aides in making items accessible at perfect time in the night place and in the correct quality. Promoting is a far reaching term, which incorporates circulation likewise, dissemination is a capacity to appropriation or sub partitioned the makers products to different explicit markets which brought about to every single extreme customer. Job of channels of conveyance Channel of Distribution assumes a significant job in accomplishing the showcasing destinations of an organization. Without a doubt, the producer of item or administrations makes include utility yet the appropriation channels make time and spot utilities. As per Drucker, both the market and conveyance channels are offer more pivotal than the item. They are essential; the item is auxiliary. In a consistently extending market, especially in shopper products showcase conveyance channels have a particular job in the fruitful execution of promoting plans and methodologies. These channels playing out the accompanying advertising capacities the apparatus of dissemination. The looking out of purchasers and merchant. Coordinating merchandise to prerequisites of the market(merchandising) Offering items as arrangements bundles of things usable and adequate by the shoppers/clients. Convincing and impacting the imminent purchasers to support a specific items and its producer [personal selling/deals promotion]. Executing valuing procedures in such a way, that would be worthy to the purchasers and guarantee viable dispersion capacities. Taking an interest effectively in the creation and foundation of market for another item. Offering pre-and after deals administration to client Moving of new innovation to the clients alongside the gracefully of items and playing green goals in our nation. Giving feels back data, promoting insight and deals estimating administrations for their districts their providers. Offering credit to retailers and buyers. Hazard holding on for references to stock holding transport. Go between IN DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Trader middle people are those channels part who take both title to and position of merchandise from the procedure part (s) and channels them to the aftereffect. These may group as follows: Wholesalers : A traders wholesalers might be characterized as that go-between who purchases products in mass from makes and sells them to a great extent to resulting delegates taking part in the channel, in particular, semi-wholesalers and retailers, they purchase the merchandise and sees the equivalent for their own and hazard. They take title of products and they resale the merchandise at a benefit with commission. Retailers: A retailer might be characterized as that shipper middle person who purchases item from going before challes individuals in littler arranged parcels to suit people buyer necessities. Retail in the last brokers in the channel of circulation as he is going to offer items to houses holds shoppers for non-business use. Retailers are additionally named institutional and non-institutional retailers. The institutional retailers are: Customer Co-employable stores. Reasonable value shops. Departmental stores. Chain/various stores. Mail request houses. The non-institutional purchasers are: Stress dealers. Merchants. Vendors. Specialist Intermediaries: Specialist Intermediaries are those channel parts who never take title to end for the most part don't take title to and as a rule don't claim merchandise yet only help producers, traders middle people and customers in doing exchanges of offer and buy. There for, in contrast to trader go-betweens, they don't accepting or sell products for their own yet simply unite purchasers and dealers so as to strike an exchange. There exist an office connection between such a go-between makers where in the previous goes about as specialist and the last as his head, such operator middle people request orders, some of the time with circumspection a fixing costs, and decides the term of offer with purchasers. Operator middle people are typically compensable for their administrations by method of commission on the estimation of offer influenced through them or some other premise normally concurs upon. Specialist mediators might be additionally delegated follows: Sole selling operator. Selling operator. Commission operator. Intermediaries. Channel choice The primary issue of divert plan in whether you need direct deal to purchaser or aberrant deal i.e., deal through mediator under the immediate deals the channel issue becomes issues of organization association. On the off chance that the organization picks the aberrant course, it must think about such issue as the sort and number of middlemans and techniques to be utilized in persuading and controlling them. The choice of these agents creatures with the information on extreme clients his needs and wants for dissemination administrations. Client accommodations and financial matters of select conveyance will decide the quantity of agent utilized. The organization must pick whether to endeavor broad, particular or selective circulation or blend of every one of the three sorts, the choice is made after the cautious investigation of item, client, vendors, and friends goals and po

Revenue Streams in Business Model Canvas

Revenue Streams in Business Model Canvas REVENUE STREAMSThis building block elaborates the earnings a business gets by subtracting the costs from the revenue generated from each customer segment. Where customers are generally considered the heart of the business, revenues are automatically likened to the arteries. Organizations must evaluate the worth of the value they provide to each customer segment. An accurate evaluation of this worth will result in multiple revenue streams being gained from a single customer segment.It isn’t just enough for a business to cite ‘keeping customers happy’ as their business mandate. Most businesses focus just on their customer policy, resulting in incomplete canvases where revenue streams are entirely ignored. It is important to differentiate that this building block represents the cash, not the profit, that the business has flowed in, at present.Revenue streams need to be as clearly defined as possible. Hence, it is not just enough to list the sources for your various revenue streams but equally important to specify their pricing and projected lifecycles too. The reason for listing these details is to evaluate whether it is profitable for your business even to opt for a revenue stream or not. If the cost of designing and producing a product is more than what the customer is willing to pay for it or greater than the revenues the product will rake in before its lifecycle ends, then it does not make business sense to go ahead with the product.Many businesses hesitate to conduct a full analysis of their revenue streams because they feel unable to price it right without creating a complete prototype of the solution. However, a smarter more effective way to price a product is to understand how big a role the problem plays in the customer’s life and what they are willing to pay to solve the problem.Revenue streams are differentiated by differences in pricing mechanisms; fixed list prices, bargaining, auctioning, market dependent, volume dependent or yield management .DEVELOPING YOUR REVENUE MODELThe most important aspect of understanding the revenue streams of your business is through forecasting. This is an exercise carried out throughout the life of your business because as the business climate and industry evolve, so does your forecast. Typically there are two types of forecasts being carried out by organizations; top down and bottom up. Listed below are the most important factors to consider when deciding on the revenue model your organization will follow:Choose the Closest FitSelect a revenue model that is the closest fit to your organization and its context. Your revenue model should essentially help set the direction of your development efforts. Hence, if your organization is characterized by a heavy presence of engineers, it may be prudent to invest in a technology model where research and development take the lion’s share of the organizational effort and focus. You can also choose between having linear projections or exponential ones .Magnify Your ValueThe revenue model you pick must magnify the value your organization has to offer. Your revenue model should highlight what sets your organization apart and how you are unique in providing value to your target consumer.Attract the Right InvestorsThe revenue model you select is also key to attracting the right kind of investors to your business. When you pick development areas, it helps to know which of these areas are close to your target investors’ hearts and develop pitches around these areas. This helps cement the legitimacy of your business in the investors’ eyes. Fundamental to being successful in finding a good potential investor is to ensure that the investor takes a holistic view of the business and is in it for the long haul as opposed to the typically myopic investor looking to make a quick buck.It is an undeniable reality that all investors are looking for when their investment will yield returns and it is just as important for the entrepreneur to kn ow when the business will really start making money and become self-sustaining. Despite this, entrepreneurs should set a time limit on their forecasts. Any predictions that go beyond 1 to 2 years are unrealistic and represent data that cannot be depend on.Be FlexibleFlexibility is a key characteristic of new businesses, and this extends to the revenue model. Your entire business structure may not change, but one must constantly be looking at whether the revenue model is working for the business or not, and if not, what the necessary adjustment should be done. Hence, an entrepreneur needs to spend a great deal of time forecasting and re-forecasting and looking at which permutation of the revenue model will support his business in the most lucrative way.Your business hinges on a lot of variables and it is essential to know how these variables impact the bottom-line, and what factors have the most effect on these variables. Variables are dependent on a number of things such as your pro cesses and lifecycle. Each variable must be looked at separately, and one way to do this is through a sensitivity graph, which will help show where the revenue improves or worsens when manipulating the variables.It would be silly to have your head in the sand about your variables and their possible impact on your business. They are a risk and being aware of risk is key to having a successful business. Hence, as an entrepreneur your aim should be to mitigate for the variables. Mitigating for variables lends a degree of transparency to your business. This transparency is not just important for you as a business owner but is also of great interest to your investors.TYPE OF REVENUE STREAMSRevenue streams can be divided into two categories;1. Transaction RevenueThese revenues are earned from the customer making a one-time payment for the product or a rendering of a service.2. Recurring RevenueThe recurring revenues are earned from consistent ongoing payments rendered to the company for e ither the delivery of the value proposition of after sales care for the customer.PRICING MECHANISMPricing mechanisms refer to the effect of the pricing of a product on its expected demand and supply. This is essentially a tool to match buyers to the sellers of a product. Each revenue stream in a business can have its individual pricing mechanism. The pricing mechanism selected has a significant impact on the revenues generated by the revenue stream in question. Pricing mechanisms can be divided into two types; a) fixed pricing and b) dynamic pricing.1. Fixed PricingThis kind of pricing, as the name suggests, remains uniform due to the lack of variability in the inputs that go into the product.Fixed List PricingFixed list pricing is the pricing mentioned by the manufacturer for a product, service or value proposition of an organization.Product feature dependentWhen a product has a number of value propositions important to the customer, it may be priced according to the amount of such features.Customer segment dependentThis kind of pricing takes the target customer segment and their various traits into account.Volume dependentAs the name suggests, the more quantity a customer purchases, typically the lower the price will be.2. Dynamic PricingThis type of pricing changes according to the variables that go into the product as well as the conditions prevalent in the market.BargainingThis refers to when a price is negotiated between two or more parties. The outcome of the negotiation is dependent on who holds the power at the negotiation table as well as the relative skills of the parties involved.AuctioningIn this kind of dynamic pricing, the final price is dependent on the customers and their perception of the worth of the value the product or service holds. Usually, the product or service, goes through a process called bidding where target customers share what they are willing to pay for the product or service. The customer proposing the highest price gets the pr oduct or service.Yield ManagementIn yield management, the price is completely dependent on inventory and the time of purchase. It is a kind of variable pricing where the product or service has a time limit on it, and companies use customer intelligence to create revenues. Airlines and hotels are the most common adopters of this pricing model.Real-time marketIn this kind of pricing, the onus of responsibility goes to the supply and demand for a particular product. The price keeps fluctuating depending on how much customers want the product and how much is available to sell.WAYS TO GENERATE REVENUE STREAM1. Asset saleThis kind of sale refers to the transfer of ownership rights of a physical product from the seller to the buyer. At Amazon.com ownership rights of a myriad of products such as books, music and electronics are sold to the buyers. Similarly, Honda sells the ownership rights of the cars it manufactures to the buyers after which the buyer has complete freedom to rent out, use or even total the car.2. Usage feeThis kind of fee is usually charged by service providers to customers for the use of the service. Hence, an internet provider will probably charge a customer for using their line for a certain number of minutes during the day or month. A beautician may charge her customer according to the number and nature of treatments the customer undergoes while under her care.3. Subscription feesWhen a user requires long-term or continuous access to the products of a company, they pay a subscription fee. Hence, a gym may sell a yearly membership subscription to its customer. Cable providers may charge a subscription fee to its users based on the time for which they will pay upfront.4. Lending/ renting/ leasingSome organizations provide their customers with exclusive rights to their product for a limited amount of time for a set fee. Upon the end of this period, the organization regains ownership of the product. This kind of revenue model represents a number of advantages both for the company and the customer. The company enjoys recurring revenue from the customer for the mentioned period. On the other end of the coin, the customer has exclusive access to the product for the time he/ she require it without having to make a hefty investment. Hence, zipcar.com a popular car renting service in North America allows customers to rent their cars for a specified time period. This has become a very popular service in the cities it is available because it provides customers with the advantage of a car, without having to invest in buying one.5. LicensingLicensing is generally used when we are talking about products, services or ideas that fall under the parameter of intellectual property. This opens up a revenue stream for rights holders, who would otherwise have had to invest in manufacturing as well. It is common in the Technology industry for patent holders to license the use of patents to other companies and to charge a licensing fee for it.6. B rokerage feeWhen a company acts as an intermediary to ease the communication and transaction between two or more parties, they charge a brokerage fee. An example of this is when a headhunting firm matches a candidate to an organization looking for a particular skill set. The firm usually charges a percentage of the gross salary from the organization, the candidate or both.7. AdvertisingCompanies that earn a fee through promoting another organization, product or service, charge an advertising fee for their service. Traditionally this kind of revenue was common only in the advertising industry. However, in recent times, with the boom of the internet and e-commerce, many websites are also using this as a main revenue stream.KEY REVENUE MODEL AND MARKET QUESTIONSFollowing are some key questions that can help an entrepreneur fill out the revenue stream building block more effectively:What benefits will encourage customers to pay more for?What benefits are customers currently paying for?H ow are they paying for these benefits right now?What mode of payment would be preferable to them?What percentage of the total revenue does each revenue stream represent?CASE STUDY © Entrepreneurial Insights based on the concept of Alex OsterwalderOne of the building blocks of Business Model Canvas is Revenue Streams. In this building block, we explore what revenue streams represent for the entrepreneur and how to ensure that this building block is adequately addressed. We will explore the two types of revenue streams available which are either transaction based or recurring revenues. We will look at 1) revenue streams, 2) developing your revenue model, 3) types of revenue streams, 4) pricing mechanism, 5) ways to generate revenue stream, 6) key revenue model and market questions, and 7) two case studies.REVENUE STREAMSThis building block elaborates the earnings a business gets by subtracting the costs from the revenue generated from each customer segment. Where customers are generally considered the heart of the business, revenues are automatically likened to the arteries. Organizations must evaluate the worth of the value they provide to each customer segmen t. An accurate evaluation of this worth will result in multiple revenue streams being gained from a single customer segment.It isn’t just enough for a business to cite ‘keeping customers happy’ as their business mandate. Most businesses focus just on their customer policy, resulting in incomplete canvases where revenue streams are entirely ignored. It is important to differentiate that this building block represents the cash, not the profit, that the business has flowed in, at present.Revenue streams need to be as clearly defined as possible. Hence, it is not just enough to list the sources for your various revenue streams but equally important to specify their pricing and projected lifecycles too. The reason for listing these details is to evaluate whether it is profitable for your business even to opt for a revenue stream or not. If the cost of designing and producing a product is more than what the customer is willing to pay for it or greater than the revenues the product w ill rake in before its lifecycle ends, then it does not make business sense to go ahead with the product.Many businesses hesitate to conduct a full analysis of their revenue streams because they feel unable to price it right without creating a complete prototype of the solution. However, a smarter more effective way to price a product is to understand how big a role the problem plays in the customer’s life and what they are willing to pay to solve the problem.Revenue streams are differentiated by differences in pricing mechanisms; fixed list prices, bargaining, auctioning, market dependent, volume dependent or yield management.DEVELOPING YOUR REVENUE MODELThe most important aspect of understanding the revenue streams of your business is through forecasting. This is an exercise carried out throughout the life of your business because as the business climate and industry evolve, so does your forecast. Typically there are two types of forecasts being carried out by organizations; top down and bottom up. Listed below are the most important factors to consider when deciding on the revenue model your organization will follow:Choose the Closest FitSelect a revenue model that is the closest fit to your organization and its context. Your revenue model should essentially help set the direction of your development efforts. Hence, if your organization is characterized by a heavy presence of engineers, it may be prudent to invest in a technology model where research and development take the lion’s share of the organizational effort and focus. You can also choose between having linear projections or exponential ones.Magnify Your ValueThe revenue model you pick must magnify the value your organization has to offer. Your revenue model should highlight what sets your organization apart and how you are unique in providing value to your target consumer.Attract the Right InvestorsThe revenue model you select is also key to attracting the right kind of investors to your busine ss. When you pick development areas, it helps to know which of these areas are close to your target investors’ hearts and develop pitches around these areas. This helps cement the legitimacy of your business in the investors’ eyes. Fundamental to being successful in finding a good potential investor is to ensure that the investor takes a holistic view of the business and is in it for the long haul as opposed to the typically myopic investor looking to make a quick buck.It is an undeniable reality that all investors are looking for when their investment will yield returns and it is just as important for the entrepreneur to know when the business will really start making money and become self-sustaining. Despite this, entrepreneurs should set a time limit on their forecasts. Any predictions that go beyond 1 to 2 years are unrealistic and represent data that cannot be depend on.Be FlexibleFlexibility is a key characteristic of new businesses, and this extends to the revenue model. Your entire business structure may not change, but one must constantly be looking at whether the revenue model is working for the business or not, and if not, what the necessary adjustment should be done. Hence, an entrepreneur needs to spend a great deal of time forecasting and re-forecasting and looking at which permutation of the revenue model will support his business in the most lucrative way.Your business hinges on a lot of variables and it is essential to know how these variables impact the bottom-line, and what factors have the most effect on these variables. Variables are dependent on a number of things such as your processes and lifecycle. Each variable must be looked at separately, and one way to do this is through a sensitivity graph, which will help show where the revenue improves or worsens when manipulating the variables.It would be silly to have your head in the sand about your variables and their possible impact on your business. They are a risk and being aware of r isk is key to having a successful business. Hence, as an entrepreneur your aim should be to mitigate for the variables. Mitigating for variables lends a degree of transparency to your business. This transparency is not just important for you as a business owner but is also of great interest to your investors.TYPE OF REVENUE STREAMSRevenue streams can be divided into two categories;1. Transaction RevenueThese revenues are earned from the customer making a one-time payment for the product or a rendering of a service.2. Recurring RevenueThe recurring revenues are earned from consistent ongoing payments rendered to the company for either the delivery of the value proposition of after sales care for the customer.PRICING MECHANISMPricing mechanisms refer to the effect of the pricing of a product on its expected demand and supply. This is essentially a tool to match buyers to the sellers of a product. Each revenue stream in a business can have its individual pricing mechanism. The pricing mechanism selected has a significant impact on the revenues generated by the revenue stream in question. Pricing mechanisms can be divided into two types; a) fixed pricing and b) dynamic pricing.1. Fixed PricingThis kind of pricing, as the name suggests, remains uniform due to the lack of variability in the inputs that go into the product.Fixed List PricingFixed list pricing is the pricing mentioned by the manufacturer for a product, service or value proposition of an organization.Product feature dependentWhen a product has a number of value propositions important to the customer, it may be priced according to the amount of such features.Customer segment dependentThis kind of pricing takes the target customer segment and their various traits into account.Volume dependentAs the name suggests, the more quantity a customer purchases, typically the lower the price will be.2. Dynamic PricingThis type of pricing changes according to the variables that go into the product as well as the co nditions prevalent in the market.BargainingThis refers to when a price is negotiated between two or more parties. The outcome of the negotiation is dependent on who holds the power at the negotiation table as well as the relative skills of the parties involved.AuctioningIn this kind of dynamic pricing, the final price is dependent on the customers and their perception of the worth of the value the product or service holds. Usually, the product or service, goes through a process called bidding where target customers share what they are willing to pay for the product or service. The customer proposing the highest price gets the product or service.Yield ManagementIn yield management, the price is completely dependent on inventory and the time of purchase. It is a kind of variable pricing where the product or service has a time limit on it, and companies use customer intelligence to create revenues. Airlines and hotels are the most common adopters of this pricing model.Real-time marketI n this kind of pricing, the onus of responsibility goes to the supply and demand for a particular product. The price keeps fluctuating depending on how much customers want the product and how much is available to sell.WAYS TO GENERATE REVENUE STREAM1. Asset saleThis kind of sale refers to the transfer of ownership rights of a physical product from the seller to the buyer. At Amazon.com ownership rights of a myriad of products such as books, music and electronics are sold to the buyers. Similarly, Honda sells the ownership rights of the cars it manufactures to the buyers after which the buyer has complete freedom to rent out, use or even total the car.2. Usage feeThis kind of fee is usually charged by service providers to customers for the use of the service. Hence, an internet provider will probably charge a customer for using their line for a certain number of minutes during the day or month. A beautician may charge her customer according to the number and nature of treatments the customer undergoes while under her care.3. Subscription feesWhen a user requires long-term or continuous access to the products of a company, they pay a subscription fee. Hence, a gym may sell a yearly membership subscription to its customer. Cable providers may charge a subscription fee to its users based on the time for which they will pay upfront.4. Lending/ renting/ leasingSome organizations provide their customers with exclusive rights to their product for a limited amount of time for a set fee. Upon the end of this period, the organization regains ownership of the product. This kind of revenue model represents a number of advantages both for the company and the customer. The company enjoys recurring revenue from the customer for the mentioned period. On the other end of the coin, the customer has exclusive access to the product for the time he/ she require it without having to make a hefty investment. Hence, zipcar.com a popular car renting service in North America allows cust omers to rent their cars for a specified time period. This has become a very popular service in the cities it is available because it provides customers with the advantage of a car, without having to invest in buying one.5. LicensingLicensing is generally used when we are talking about products, services or ideas that fall under the parameter of intellectual property. This opens up a revenue stream for rights holders, who would otherwise have had to invest in manufacturing as well. It is common in the Technology industry for patent holders to license the use of patents to other companies and to charge a licensing fee for it.6. Brokerage feeWhen a company acts as an intermediary to ease the communication and transaction between two or more parties, they charge a brokerage fee. An example of this is when a headhunting firm matches a candidate to an organization looking for a particular skill set. The firm usually charges a percentage of the gross salary from the organization, the cand idate or both.7. AdvertisingCompanies that earn a fee through promoting another organization, product or service, charge an advertising fee for their service. Traditionally this kind of revenue was common only in the advertising industry. However, in recent times, with the boom of the internet and e-commerce, many websites are also using this as a main revenue stream.KEY REVENUE MODEL AND MARKET QUESTIONSFollowing are some key questions that can help an entrepreneur fill out the revenue stream building block more effectively:What benefits will encourage customers to pay more for?What benefits are customers currently paying for?How are they paying for these benefits right now?What mode of payment would be preferable to them?What percentage of the total revenue does each revenue stream represent?CASE STUDYGoogleGoogle is one of the leading internet names in the world. For the purpose of this post, we will conduct an analysis of Google’s revenue streams.As we all know, Google’s ser vices are provided for free for the individual user. So Google’s revenues are derived from advertising that companies pay to have done to reach its bulk of online users. Google helps advertisers create advertisements through its auction-based program â€" Google Adwords. Advertisers then pay Google based on when customers click on the advertisements available. Google also provides advertisers with access to its network members through its Google Adsense program. Another option available to advertisers is Google’s DoubleClick technology through which audio and video advertisements are made available on Google Network member sites.Google has generated 96% of its revenues from advertising for the past several years as opposed to Apple, that has earned 70% of its revenues through the sale of its products. Google has been experimenting with other possible revenue streams by evolving its search offerings, extending into Mobile space and attempting its hand at a Google-based operating s ystem. It has even expanded into Enterprise based solutions. However, none of these avenues have resulted in major revenue streams for the company.Gore FabricsGore-Tex is a waterproof breathable fabric membrane that is trademarked by Gore, the company.Gore generates revenue through the sale of laminated fabrics. Additional revenue generators for Gore is the seam sealing materials and machinery it owns. Hence, Gore sells the fabric but there is some hardware associated with the fabric that also results in sales and profitability for the company.

Two Way Communication Prevails over One Way Communication

QUESTION With reference to organization of your choice,discuss the view that two –way communication should prevail over one-way communication. Communication plays a very important role in an organisation. In fact, it is said to be the lifeline of the organisation. In totality, communication in an organisation is very complex and needs to be correctly managed, handled and monitored to avert chaos, crisis or conflict. The success and downfall of an organization has a significant link and attachment to communication as the strength, base and foundation between employees and employers such that through communication models that act as vehicles, the corporate sphere is fully equipped by way of addressing crisis management, organizational†¦show more content†¦Dialog and the existence of feedback is also shown through the facilitation of trade unions, works councils and workers committees in settling and exercising a collective bargaining approach on issues of any nature as seen between and its employees hence feedback is the main component of communication process at the above mentioned organization as it permits the sen der to analyze the efficacy of the information or issues which may have arose. One-way process is influenced by the Linear model which does not recognize the importance of feedback as an aspect of paramount importance in the scenario of an organisation that advocates for mutuality and of a sound relationship (Wood, 2009). The Mathematical or Linear Model of Communication is a model that suggests communication moves only in one direction. The operation of a one-way process in an organization results in reduced employee morale. This dissatisfaction can translate into higher employee turnover and recruiting and training costs, as well as a higher likelihood of strikes (Brown, 1965). Two-way communication to a certain extent helps the smooth running of industrial affairs between the management and employees. Terry (1974) states that Communication serves as the lubricant, posturing for the smooth operations of the management process.In managerial terms, the process of communication is espoused to the concept that of conception,Show MoreRelatedKfc Kentucky Fried Ch icken932 Words   |  4 Pagesnot conducting business in two countries of South America such as Paraguay and Uruguay. Currently, KFC is under massive attacks from animal organizations, questioning the way KFC’s suppliers are threatening the chicken, before they got slaughtered. Anti-KFC campaigns are affecting KFC’s brand image in a negative way and result in direct dollar losses, as less people are consuming KFC chicken. Address the potential issues / major barriers to effective communications and negotiations between theRead MoreCulture And The 21st Century937 Words   |  4 Pageshas its own beliefs, ways of life, and art.† Culture is everything that an individual stands for and has lived through. Without culture, the world would not be very unique. The word â€Å"different â€Å"would not exist because the way people would live would all be the same. Cultures vary throughout world. According to Jawaharlal Nehru, he believes, â€Å"Culture is the widening of the mind and of the spirit.† A few things have changed rather significantly such as technology and communication skills. Some of theseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Joy Luck Club 983 Words   |  4 Pages It is true that all people are created different, and thus no two cultures will ever be the same. Throughout Asian American literature there seems to be a struggle between the Asian culture and American culture. More specifically, there is a struggle between Asian women and their Asian American daughters, and what it means to be feminine, and how a woman should act. The main struggle is between how the American woman should act and how the Asian woman should act. However, the behavior of the AsianRead MoreIs There a Valid Contract between Buyer and Seller1257 Words   |  6 PagesIssue: The issue here is whether there was a valid contract between buyer and seller. If this case goes to the court, who is likely to succeed. By assuming that the buyer prevails in his lawsuit against seller, what damages buyer is likely to receive when: †¢ Seller agreed to the buyer that he has to mail a cheque for $5000 and then pay the balance by 1 November. †¢ Buyer then mailed Seller a $5000 cheque later that day. †¢ Buyers plans to borrow $20,000 from the investor to buy the van. †¢ InvestorRead MoreThe Story of Us Essays922 Words   |  4 Pagesin a humorous and cleaver way. The film reiterates the key concepts we have learned in our interpersonal communication class, in particular chapters ten and eleven on conflict management and improving communication climates. According to Gibb people feel defensive when they perceive that they are under attack. When defensive responses arise in interpersonal communications, it is the relationship itself that becomes defensive. This is evident in the Jordan’s communication patterns, the majority ofRead MoreCultural Diversity in Perception: Alternative Views of Reality1577 Words   |  7 Pagesperception is pretty much the same in all people: sensory organs such as the eyes, ears, and nose permit us to sense our environment, and the sensations received by them are routed to our brains, where they are interpreted and accorded meaning in a two-stage sequence. The first stage is recognition or identification , in which a configuration of light or sound waves is identified. At the second stage, the interpretation and evaluation of that which has been identified take place. 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The Role Of Police During The Criminal Justice System

Introduction This report shall examine the role of the police in the criminal justice system. For background it will detail a brief history of the development of the police then look at the later development of police powers of arrest, detention and of stop and search. Further to this it will examine the role of the police in miscarriages of justice and the effects of these miscarriages on the development of safeguards for people detained by the police. Also the measures taken to prevent further miscarriages of justice such as the development of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) to decide if the evidence is there and a prosecution is likely to be successful. History and Development of the Police The history of a professional police service in England dates back to the creation of the Metropolitan Police in 1829 by the then Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel (Joyce, 2012), the City of Glasgow Police was the first professional force to be created in Britain in 1800 (Newburn, 2013). The Metropolitan Police force replaced the volunteers who had until then served in an unpaid capacity to perform police duties. The professional police service then served as a template on which to model other local police forces throughout England and Wales (Joyce, 2012). There are 41 provincial police forces outside London and two within London, the Metropolitan Police and the City of London Police, at its peak the total number of officers in England and Wales was over 143,000 in 2006 (Hale etShow MoreRelatedPolicing1068 Words   |  5 PagesEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Perla M. 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The death penalty has created a public policy issue that has produced wide scholarly research, public debate and legal attention. The reality is that the majority on Americans support the death penalty. Only a small proportion believes that there has to be something done during the investigation and gathering of evidence process to proof that the convicted criminal in is guilty. When a murder is committedRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of Public Policing vs. Private Security1652 Words   |  7 PagesRoles and Responsibilities of Public Policing vs. Private Security ASJ-502 February 6, 2012 Abstract This paper explores the similarities and differences of public police and private security throughout history. How the criminal justice system and public police and private security are linked to each other. The essential policies that have been developed and how these police have assisted in the cooperation between police and private security. 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The modern era of justice Modern era of justice can be traced toRead MoreThe Role Of Statistics And Criminal Justice1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Statistics in Criminal Justice Nerisa Newton Grambling University Abstract In this paper, the main objective will be to outline the importance of statistics as a method to analyze data in the field of Criminal Justice. Also, this paper will focus on ways in which data is obtained keeping in mind the appropriate statistics to use with the collected data, and how to interpret the findings. In addition, it will review the causes of crimes, the rate at which these crimes occurRead MoreEssay on Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation1584 Words   |  7 PagesCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation Paper Jerry J Lynch Jr February 20, 2012 CJA/394 - Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice Darren Gil, Faculty University of Phoenix Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation The criminal justice field is an ever evolving field. As today’s technology changes so does the way the criminal justice field interacts with that technology. As our society changes the technology that we use will also be altered to fit the situation. The barriers

English Coursework Free Essays

Think before you ink†. I read the article with an open mind so as not to judge. Clearly you did not have the same sentiment. We will write a custom essay sample on English Coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within the subtitle you decided to slate tattoos, and a variety of celebrities with them. I was amazed that you said â€Å"doesn’t make it classy,attractive or wise† since it was a very strong and unfounded opinion. I was equally appalled by the rude and negative language towards these people, the things that were said about them were extremely offensive. I don’t think it’s appropriate for the article to contain such a negative attitude especially to these celebrities who have achieved great things. An opinion is one thing, but judgment is another. Firstly when you mention tattoos as † body graffiti† its like you associate it as unlawful vandalism-let makes the reader feel as though they are performing an illegal or public act of crime when they get a tattoo,whereas they are expressing themselves through a form of art. However, when you mention it as â€Å"a form of art† its very hypocritical, contrasting when it isn’t derogatory. Graffiti † is usually described as vandalism art, which generally is all the same. This is stating that you think that all tattoos and body art are all the same and is a crime. Your opinion is incorrect and shows your lack of knowledge about tattoos. Your extremely sexist towards women. You slate mostly females for example: Amy Whininess, Victoria Beckman, Madonn a and Angelina Coli etc. You have criticized each and every one of these females for either their tattoos or their image. This can be proven in the subtitle when it says â€Å"among celebrities such as Angelina Coli and Amy Whininess† These are both females, which is presenting tattoo think its only females that have tacky tattoos and a poor image. Why not include equal amounts of males to females? Why just insult females in which are clearly successful for a reason? It seems like your jealous of their fame, so are trying to downgrade them at your advantage. When you say â€Å"beautiful women has been anything but blighted† it seems as though its your attitude of class judgment. Its an old fashioned attitude, showing how narrow minded you are. The word â€Å"blighted† is referring to disease, which is rude,offensive, and a lexical choice. TTS a sexist response, judging women by their looks. let makes women feel insecure and negative about themselves. They can be extremely sensitive and take things personally which can cause many issues and problems with confidence, self esteem and so on . This could of been prevented by your attitude in your article;elf you wouldn’t of been so negative towards females and tattoos many problems wouldn’t be apparent. You marks a judgment that you think that tattoos are â€Å"cheap plumage of the attention seeker† meaning that you think they are tacky, and brightly colored o make them more visible to others and to draw attention to themselves. You also state that people with tattoos are desperate to be noticed on which is shown when it says † last-chance barflies and aspiring † as the word â€Å"aspiring† is referring to an ambition be another person in which in this case is by having a tattoo. That is totally an incorrect statement, hence not everyone with a tattoo has an incentive or desire to be on TV, and people don’t aspire to aim to be on TV. Your clearly stereotyping celebrities, making them out to be attention seekers without talent. As many people know the rate of anorexia is increasing and more patients are being diagnosed with different forms of anorexia. There are many comments about Amy Whininess’s’ body which will cause offence among many people but mainly anorexia sufferers. It says † the ugly marks that covered her emaciated body’. Firstly the comment about her tattoo being â€Å"ugly† is very inconsiderate, but the irrelevant and trivial comment was calling her body â€Å"emaciated†, since its stating she looks malnourished and abnormally thin. People don’t realism how offensive it is to call someone thin ND they think aims only rude to call someone fat. They are both opposites and are very disrespectful to people. Some people have extremely high metabolisms and can’t help being extremely thin, so making them feel ashamed of something they can’t help is wrong. Also on the other hand anorexia is a mental illness which is something that they couldn’t help. Slating someone whom might have this illness is the wrong thing to do and most likely make things worse. Did you take any of the public into consideration? What are they going to think when they read this, and how this may effect hem? Offending and criticizing Amy Whininess because of her weaknesses and problems is insensitive. Rape is a very sensitive topic, which many people are victims of rape. It is wrong to use rape in the wrong context, as people don’t understand the severity of sexual violence. The reason it’s so wrong is because it causes either flashbacks of rape or brings back memories of rape or people they know who have been raped. No one should ever have to go through rape and when they try to forget about it so they can carry on living life it shouldn’t be brought back up into their minds. Joking and using rape out of context shows how oblivious you are of the effect rape has on people and how immature your thought can be to be so stupid to use that to describe something you don’t agree with. This can make people anxious about rape- thinking they can be raped by a needle which clearly isn’t the case, and that the action taken to get a tattoo is life changing and very violent. Using violent vocabulary to scare people to not getting tattoos isn’t the right way to approach it and will only annoy people. You try to joke about tattoos being on â€Å"hyperactive five-year old† which have men â€Å"let loose with a rainbow pack of sharpies†. This is quite a stupid and immature thing to say. The fact you would associate tattoos being like â€Å"hyperactive five year old† as if they have designed and drawn the tattoos shows your dim and negative attitude to them. You don t however, need to assault people with them as if there tattoos are badly drawn and not to a high quality. The fact you bring religion into the subject of tattoos is unnecessary. Some people are extremely sensitive to things about religion so that was an extremely risky thing to bring up. Comparing tattoos and saying that Victoria Beckman thinks her tattoos are â€Å"dead spiritual†¦ Like scented candles and Madonna albums† and incorporating religious sarcasm is insensitive. Why compare scented candles with Madonna’s albums, that just makes you come across as stupid. Furthermore, why compare or relate any of that with tattoos? What right do you have to say Madonna body a â€Å"holy war of Hindi Sanskrit, Hebrew Latin and Roman numerals† You can’t mix religions and you can’t associate her tattoo with a mix of different tattoos, without you knowing it by fact. This is very â€Å"old school† in the sense that your picking different religions which go against each other. Why pick these religions? Why not others? Its a fundamental misunderstanding of terrible atrocities in History and belittles these tropic events. This makes you seem discourteous and a condemnatory act. Think this article should be removed from media to stop animosity to people affected by rape, anorexia, insecurities etc. In future I don’t think there should be articles with such strong negative opinions. The effect these articles have on people is huge. It leaves people with negative attitudes especially those who have suffered with mental health issues and rape. One point I didn’t include was that Tattoos are also used for pigment for breast surgery etc. This can be hurtful to those who have had surgery and a tattoo to correct the issue. This article will end up leaving innocent people feeling bad for having tattoos, and all the other rude and negative remarks. Hope you see the effect of this article in another light. I’m sure many people agree with me and I hope something will change from now on. How to cite English Coursework, Papers

Zika Virus and Zika Virus Infection †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Zika Virus and Zika Virus Infection. Answer: Introduction Zika virus came from the flavivirus borne from the mosquito emerged from the spondweni group which was at first identified in the monkeys of Uganda in 1947. Later in 1952, it was identified in the people living in Uganda along with Nigeria and gradually the virus covered the USA, Asia pacific countries, Arica, Tanzania and many other countries across the globe. In July 2015 Brazil identified a relation between Guillain-Barre disorder (GBS) and Zika infection; it damages the nervous system by the weakening of muscles affecting the immune system (Murray, 2016). In October 2015 Brazil also reported a relationship between microcephaly and Zika infection. More than 5600 cases of microcephaly reported in the year 2016 which is greater than 20 folds with respect to average o past five years. Zika virus along with the Spondweni creates a sub-branch into the genus flavivirus which belongs to the flaviviridae family. It results in spondweni fever in human beings which is characterized by fever with symptoms of nausea, headache, chills, and discomfort. Sponwei virus was first identified in 1955 from mansonia uniformis mosquitoes which emerged from Lake Simbu which is situated in Spondweni region of South Africa (Murray, 2016). This virus as recently observed in sub regions of Saharan Africa and Papua New Guinea. Genes of this virus are made up of complex ssRNA molecules which is having two non-coding regions by analogy. It is a code for a polypeptide which is a combination of the capsid(C), envelope (E), precursor membrane (prM) and non-structural proteins (NS) (Murray, 2016). This coding is responsible for the recent outbreak in 2015. As per the recent reports published by WHO is widely spread in the Caribbean and Latin American countries. Although the virus came into exist ence 60 years back in Africa the awareness to cause possible threats was revealed in the recent years only. In many countries, the detection of this virus is due to the circulation of the travellers who are travelling from the countries where this virus is much active (Rawlinson, 2016). Recent reports say that in India three cases of this virus have been introduced through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by routine laboratory surveillance. It has been also reported that many sub-tropical and tropical regions in the world are at risk of this virus in the form of Chikungunya, yellow fever, and DENV (Joob Wiwanitkit, 2017). Few studies suggest that since the year 2007 to march 2017 total 84 countries across the world is affected by this virus. ZIKV is an icosahedral, single stranded, enveloped, positive sense RNA virus with the non-segmented genome. It is 40 nm in diameter having dense projection coated lipid envelope, which consists of a membrane and envelope glycoproteins having a dense inner core. Virions which are situated on the surface of cell membrane get entry into the host cell after which the mRNA transcription takes place (Joob Wiwanitkit, 2017). Whenever the virus from the mosquito is transferred to the healthy human being it causes infection same is the case with the pregnant mother, if the virus gets transferred from mother to fetus then there are chances of an infant born with microcephaly. Zika infection: a global threat to human population Before 2015 ZIKV was not much in the notice as compared to another disease like EBOLA, influenza. Vomiting, headache, joint pains, rashes, red eyes all are the symptoms of this infection and is quite easy to detect as there is no specific therapy or vaccine available due to its treatable and mild symptoms. But these two factors have taken this virus in the notice (Wang, Wang An, 2016). People did not gave much attention to this virus due to its low incidence and mildness of symptoms. There are two factors due to which ZIKV infection has emerged as a global issue for discussion. In the year 1947, scientists detected this virus from the samples which were taken from a sentinel rhesus monkey in ZIKA forests, Uganda. The first proof of this infection was identified when a scientist fell ill while working on the strains collected from the mosquito; this discovered that this virus can be spread to human beings (Wang, Wang An, 2016). ZIKA virus is spreading at an extraordinary speed, it has covered almost one fourth of the countries across the globe. Dengue and Chikungunya are also the infections which have emerged from this virus. French and Brazilian countries have reported several incidences of spine malformation and congenital brain specially microcephaly. Transmission of this virus from mother to her fetus has resulted in microcephaly in infants which has to lead to the underdeveloped brain, leading to developmental retardation and it can also cause death in some cases (Weltman, 2016). There are different types of malformation due to infections, which have resulted in deaths but these cases are never linked with ZIKA virus. On December 8th, 2015 Brazil reported 1762 incidence of microcephaly whereas total 84 cases were reported in 2014. An infant born with microcephaly tested positive for ZIKA virus died on 28th November. This case created panic in people of Brazil; everyone was in fear due to this outbreak (Weltman, 2016). Many health organizations came into action and confirmed that there is an increase in the number of cases of disorders in central nerve system. These organizations advised people especi ally pregnant ladies to read about the symptoms of this virus and take preventive measures to keep them away from mosquito bites. Travellers were also warned that they should restrict their travelling to affected areas (Sorbera Stringer, 2017). Lack of vaccine. No proper research and common symptoms Another reason is that there is no vaccination available for ZIKA virus as of now. Scientists are doing efforts to produce one, but testing and then producing a medicine takes years and is expensive also. The virus was occurring occasionally and no research was done for this (Spivak, 2016). only few people were researching on ZIKA virus and none of them were aware of the fact that how severe this virus is and it can spread how rapidly. Funding was being allotted to the research done on many other infectious diseases; people were not at all prepared to respond quickly to this virus. In the remote areas where there is a lack of resources and facility people did not pay much attention to ZIKA until WHO has interfered. Another reason was that it has similar symptoms to another infectious disease like Chikungunya, dengue and it is generally circulating in the same regions where the other infections are circulating. As it is almost impossible to prevent one from mosquito bites, WHO recomme nded pregnant ladies from not going to places where this virus is active and ladies who are planning to become pregnant should consult their doctors before visiting these places (Spivak, 2016). Lack of strong immunity system and research labs in remote areas can also be one of the reasons from spreading this disease. Mild fever, skin rashes, red eyes, headache, joint pain, and conjunctivitis are the most common symptoms of ZIKA infection and they appear after 3-12 days of biting of mosquito. It can sometimes occur without symptom but often it has been observed that it has mild symptoms that can last up to 7 days. Severe symptoms which can lead to hospitalization are very rare (Sheng et al., 2017). ZIKA virus is transmitted by Ades Ageypti, a day biting mosquito. These mosquitoes are active during morning and late morning and evening. These mosquitoes also transmit the infection of yellow fever, Chikungunya, and dengue (Sheng et al., 2017). Whenever a female Ades Ageypti bites any human, a virus presented in the salivary gland gets injected of the infected mosquito into the wound where the anti-coagulants contained in her saliva facilitate feeding, and without knowing the male mosquito also injects the ZIKA virus into the host. There is another way through which the infection is transmitted from m other to fetus and when the child is born he suffers from the underdeveloped brain (Du, Zhou Jiang, 2017). Sexual transmission is also one of the ways through which the infection is transferred from the male to female or vice versa. Blood transfusion through organ transplant also results in the transmission of infection (Sheng et al., 2017). Currently, there are no such medication and vaccines available for this virus, your immune system is the best cure available till now but one can take precautions: From mosquito bites- prevention from mosquito bites is the key measure to avoid this virus from spreading. Using mosquito repellents, wearing full sleeves clothes, screened windows will minimize the risk of affecting the virus. It is very much important for children and old people to take precautions because there immune system is weak. People who are travelling must avoid going to places which are affected from ZIKA and pregnant ladies, if any has been infected by this virus then she should be immediately taken to hospital as this infection is transmissible and can affect her fetus (Slavov, Otaguiri, Kashima Covas, 2016). It is very much critical to prevent breeding of these mosquitoes in houses as they breed and reproduce in stagnant water bodies, so one must ensure to cover all the water filling containers and empty waste water and sprinkle the pesticide timely to prevent breeding of mosquitoes. Through sexual transmission- transmission through sexual activities has been confirmed by many labs. In order to prevent one from the risk of sexual intermission and pregnancy complications due to ZIKA virus contamination, one should indulge in safe sex or avoid sexual activities during pregnancy if the partner is affected by ZIK infection (Gruber Krause, 2017). If anyone has come from the area which is affected by the virus then he should avoid sexual intermission at least for 8 weeks although if there is no symptom found. ZIKV Recent epidemic status/ Role of agents In the year 2015 Brazil and panama have reported many cases of microcephaly; Colombia has also joined the league by detecting few cases which are linked with Zika virus. In other countries, there are not enough research and evidence to prove the link of this case with Zika. After the outbreak, Brazil has seen 20 times rise in the cases of the Zika infection where babies are born to an infected mother with microcephaly (Slavov, Otaguiri, Kashima Covas, 2016). This virus is currently active in 38 countries and gradually increasing in other countries by affecting infants causing fetal malformation and nervous disorders. If this goes beyond control then it will be a serious health catastrophe for the world. Looking after this condition many health organizations have identified that there is an urgent need Point of Care Testing (POCT (Slavov, Otaguiri, Kashima Covas, 2016)). At present, there are 30 companies who are working on it and have developed an advanced version of diagnostic tes ts. For vaccines total 23 proposals are being worked on by around 14 vaccine developer companies located in India, France, Australia, and the US. Since these vaccinations are being prepared for the pregnant ladies and the women of child bearing age, it must fulfil high standards of safety (Zea-Vera Parra, 2016). Potential results of five new tools of mosquito control are also being tested by many experts among whom no one qualified for full scale implementation. Some Brazilian experts were in doubt that Zika alone is responsible for microcephaly or there are other factors which to be held responsible for the birth defects. As on 5th August 2016 total of 185 travellers cases, two pregnant mother cases, and one sexually transmitted case have been detected in Canada (Zea-Vera Parra, 2016). Traditionally, there is a TORCH agent which has four characteristics consisting of mild illness in the mother who is infected, transmission of virus to fetus vertically, development of various anomalies in the fetus and in some cases maternal therapy therefore this should be considered as a severe TORCH agent which is threatening public health. There are many types of research on Zika virus vaccination but none of them made it to he market. The target population is pregnant women and women bearing the age of the child so it should be safe and effective. Only effective DNA vaccines would be preferred rather than vaccines which are made out of weakened Zika virus to ensure safety measures (Zea-Vera Parra, 2016). The increasing number of cases which are affected by the virus is an alarming situation so there is an urgent need for production of vaccines. Clinical trials- few of the best clinical trials used were mice, rhesus macaques and then human. Three different types of investigational vaccines were used, DNA based vaccine, inactivated virus vaccine and adenovirus vector based vaccines. Each of the three trials holds the possibility of designing effective Zika vaccine (Gowder, 2016). Efforts with mouse model- research were conducted on mice and reported six different Zika virus antibodies out of which four neutralized the strains of mosquitoes transmitted from Africa, Asia, and America. NIAID supported team x-ray crystal images of these four antibodies and extracted Zika proteins which could be beneficial in producing vaccines (Martins, Dye Bavari, 2016). DNA vaccine or purified inactive virus vaccine provides complete safety in mice against zikv in single immunization (Gowder, 2016). Efforts with rhesus macaques- the above testing of inactivated Zika virus vaccine were also done on 16 rhesus macaques. These animals were two injections continuously for four weeks after which they did not show any symptom of Zika virus another experiment was also done in which researchers administered two doses of an experimental DNA and one dose of adenovirus vector vaccine to three different groups of four monkeys each. These monkeys were then kept in contact with Zika virus for four weeks (White et.al, 2016). Both DNA and adeno virus vaccines provided complete protection from infection. Both of them protected from infection, boost the immune system and had no adverse side effect of vaccines. But due to the huge gestational difference in rhesus macaques and human this experiment needs to be done on a human to provide vaccines (Takasaki, 2016). Efforts with human testing- the NIAID and NIH performed this test on 80 healthy candidates between the age of 18 to 35 years. DNA vaccine was considered for the clinical trial in human. The first stage will identify the response of immune system to the vaccine (Takasaki, 2016). Two new technologies including synthetic pieces of DNA and electric pulse to open immune cells were considered so that they take up vaccines better. As a result, these vaccines were found safe and immune system was also responding well. DNA or gene based vaccinations provides strong and durable protection against disease (Takasaki, 2016). Phase 1 of this research is still under process once the results show a positive outcome, the second phase will start. US government has distributed a license to use these vaccines and materials all over the world for research purpose (Du, Zhou Jiang, 2017). GLS-5700 the inovio Zika product is called DNA vaccine. In this vaccine, there is a protein inbuilt that encircles the Zika virus. The site where injection has been injected is damaged using a device that passes an electric pulse which guides DNA into the cells into the cells through a process called electroporation (Nilika Kamboj, 2016). The cells then the instruct immune system to consider Zika virus as foreign invader which needs to be attacked using antibodies to fight against it. Several researchers and scientists are in competition to develop the vaccination for Zika virus but there is a group of scientists who have found 24 FDA approved drugs which have shown some potential to block Zika from infecting human cells. Few of the drugs which are used for treating cancer and depression have also shown some positive signs of curing Zika virus in pregnant women (Nilika Kamboj, 2016). These researchers initially took 774 drugs out of which 24 were found effective. Now, these drugs a re being used for further studies to develop vaccines against Zika virus from spreading. Conclusion Zika virus is an infection which has come from mosquito bite generally in the day time. It has very mild symptoms and was first discovered in the year 1948.among all the countries Africa is said to be the most affected country from this virus followed by south and North America. The main reason for this global emergency is its link with congenital birth defects to an infected mother and lack of vaccines available due to very limited researches done (Nilika Kamboj, 2016). Another reason is the absence of population immunity. As there are no vaccines available for this infection WHO has advised people to stay at home and prevent themselves from these mosquito bites. It is the only option left with people to take corrective measures like use mosquito repellent, use screened glass, wear full sleeves clothes by this way they can prevent themselves from biting of mosquito (S, 2017). Specially pregnant ladies must take cares if they are affected then there is cancer that it can affect thei r baby also which can cause congenital birth defects in the baby in the form of underdeveloped brain or weak muscles or damaged nervous system. Other prevention can also be taken by cleaning the house properly and dont let the mosquitoes breed. Tremendous information is available on the research being done on the Zika virus, but says now there is no such vaccine came out which can prevent humans from this virus (S, 2017). This virus is currently active in 38 countries and gradually increasing in other countries by affecting infants causing fetal malformation and nervous disorders. If this goes beyond control, then it will be a serious health catastrophe for the world (Maslow, 2017). So keeping this in mind various health organizations have issued information on how to prevent themselves from this infection and what are the possible symptoms through which one can identify that they are suffering from this infection (?ahiner, 2016). Mild fever, headache, reddish eyes, rashes on the skin are some of the symptoms, but these symptoms are somewhat same as of Chikungunya, yellow fever, and dengue. Many countries are working on identifying the correct vaccination for this infection, which is safe and secure for pregnant women, but till now no such product has come up in the market (?ahiner, 2016). The target population is pregnant women and women bearing the age of the child so it should be safe and effective . Only effective DNA vaccines would be preferred rather than vaccines which are made out of weakened Zika virus to ensure safety measures. The increasing number of cases which are affected by the virus is an alarming situation so there is an urgent need for production of vaccines. It is up to humans how they prevent themselves from this infection, numerous information has been provided by the health organizations now depends on us, how do we use this information and prevent ourselves and our family and surrounding (S, 2017). It is an alarming situation in the world and it is high time now that they should seriously act on it and produce vaccines which can prevent this disease. References Du, L., Zhou, Y., Jiang, S. (2017). The latest advancements in Zika virus vaccine development.Expert Review Of Vaccines,16(10), 951-954. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2017.1363648 Gowder, S. (2016). Zika Virus - Vaccines and Management.International Journal Of Vaccines Vaccination,2(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijvv.2016.02.00019 Gruber, M., Krause, P. (2017). 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