Ethics Violations in the Workplace Essay - 902 Words

In the paper below, I will outline an ethics violation that occurred where I work and give the outcome of the ethics violation based on the ethics code that is in place at EDMC. In addition, I will take one through the steps that EDMC has developed to report a violation and the way that one can also report the violation if they do not get closure when going through the proper channels. Ethical Case When working for any corporation it is very important, that one reads and understands the companys ethics policy of the company where they are employed. The story that I am about to tell is what happens when one does not have a clear understanding of the ethics policy and unknowingly violates the policy. T was a custodian that†¦show more content†¦All parties involved were called in and the situation was accessed and it was determined that T had violated the part of the ethics code that fell under illegal and unethical payments. The clause reads: Although your compliance with applicable laws and regulations has been addressed elsewhere in this Code, as a general matter, EDMC requires that you endeavor under all circumstances to deal fairly with our students, employers of our graduates, suppliers, competitors and other employees. You must not take unfair advantage, in the context of your position with EDMC, of any other person or entity through manipulation, concealment, abuse of privileged information, misrepresentation of material fact or any other unfair-dealing practice. (EDMC, 2014) By taking the payment he violated the clause above because this was considered an unethical payment because he worked for the college and therefore took unfair advantage of a students crisis for monetary gain. This was a clear violation of the EDMC ethics policy. EDMC System for Handling Ethics Violations This is just one of many situations that I am sure are brought to light every year at EDMC. They have a very reliable system in place to report ethics violations and encourage employees to do so if they are witness to these violations. On page nineteen of their Ethics Policy and Code of Conduct, it clearly states the guidelineShow MoreRelatedEthics Of Human Resources : Ethics1593 Words   |  7 PagesEthics In Human Resources Logan Fjelstad March 13, 2015 Ethics In Human Resources Ethics in the workplace are an important part of any business owner or business managers job. The human resources department or HR deal with a vast array of different ethical challenges. HR departments deal directly with everyone employed by a company. HR can include many ethical pitfalls that can lead to a bad reputation or damage a companies financial sustainability if the situation is notRead MoreThe Equal Protection Clause Of The United States Constitution1496 Words   |  6 Pagesseveral morals violations among citizens that must be addressed. Particularly, in this case on Religious Discrimination and Racial Harassment in the Workforce. Specific Issues Maalick Encountered in the Workplace Specific issues Marshawn DeMur encountered in his workplace are the company code of ethics violation, hostility in the workplace, racial harassment and or religious discrimination, safety violations, and misconduct. Most of these are Human Resource (HR) workplace ethic violations that are reportedRead MoreReligious Discrimination And Racial Harassment1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are or will be several morals violations among citizens that must be addressed. In this case, Religious Discrimination and Racial Harassment in the Workforce we will discuss specific issues Maalick encountered in the workplace. Specific Issues Maalick Encountered in the Workplace The most common occurrence in the workplace is the code of ethics violations. The specific issues MarShawn DeMur encountered in his workplace is the company code of ethics violation, harassment, religious discriminationRead MoreBenefits of Managing Ethics in Workplace1141 Words   |  5 Pages10 Benefits of Managing Ethics in the Workplace Many people are used to reading or hearing of the moral benefits of attention to business ethics. However, there are other types of benefits, as well. The following list describes various types of benefits from managing ethics in the workplace. 1. Attention to business ethics has substantially improved society. A matter of decades ago, children in our country worked 16-hour days. Workers’ limbs were torn off and disabled workers were condemnedRead MoreSocial Responsibility And Ethics Of An Organization Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Responsibility and Ethics Social responsibility and ethics are a part of the rules and regulations that an organization must comply with in order to meet the moral standards. 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We are trusted professionals that understand how to continue to behaveRead MoreEthical Dilemmas in Workplace1634 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Dilemmas in Workplace Personal values may conflict with ethical decision making if those personal values are different than the organizational norms of the business or institution. Constructing, and maintaining personal ethics in the workplace rests with the individual, and how willing he or she is in assimilating to the evolving cultural dynamic of the corporate world. Many times a person find their personal, cultural and/or organizational ethics conflicting and must reconcile a course ofRead MoreEthics Program For Company X1727 Words   |  7 PagesETHICS PROGRAM FOR COMPANY X Welcome to company X we are glad that you are a part of the team. Over the years, Company X has made it a priority to conduct itself to the utmost highest and ethical standards in dealing with our employees, suppliers, and customers. In order to maintain our high level of values, it takes all of us holding ourselves and each other accountable to make ethical and integral choices so that we can be the best organization we can be. In order for Company X to continueRead MoreThe Code Of Conduct At The Forgotten Employees1716 Words   |  7 Pagesthe beauty industry because we set the bar for excellent service and outreach in our community. Our business values go way beyond the average spa. Every employee is expected to review and comply with the Glam for the Forgotten Conduct and Code of Ethics. The code of conduct presented to you defines our standards and procedures to help you understand our business practices and your responsibilities as an employee. We encourage everyone to read the code of conduct carefully. 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Discrimination And Harassment Against Women - 1349 Words

Throughout the 20th century, women were often seen as eye-candies and mannequins at work, and in many cases, they even encounter sexual molestation. Discrimination and harassment against women is still prevalent in the workplace. During the 2013 fiscal year, Courts enforced 7,256 charges of sexual harassment, out of which, women comprised 82.6 % of victims, while there were 27,687 cases of gender discrimination. Our era has seen new conventions and legal philosophies, which are steering towards female emancipation. Courts have passed laws such as Title VII, of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits employment discrimination based on â€Å"race, color, religious belief, gender, or national origin of the person.† These laws empower women and aim to forestall them from facing any discrimination or hostility at work. Civil rights provide protection to women, but it fails to provide the sense of equality that women deserve. During the 20th century, our society has envisio ned a vast movement for Equal Right Amendment (ERA). The ERA was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed equality between human races and women, under law. The bill failed in 1982, when it did not receive enough state votes for the confirmation. To a historian, North Country can present insight about gender inequality in the late 20th century. It also sheds light on the historical issues which stand to influence our times, by leading to the conception of new laws andShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment Is A Common Form Of Discrimination Against Women898 Words   |  4 Pages Sexual harassment discourages women in the workforce and some employers take advantage of that discouragement for their benefit. Finn claims that physical appearance and clothing are a common form of discrimination against women (n.pag.). Finn argues how an employer will hire an attractive woman simply because she would increase the business’s revenue than another qualified mediocre woman (n.pag.). Women obtain jobs based on their exterior appearance rather than their intellectual capability ofRead MorePreventing Sexual Harassment At The Workplace978 Words   |  4 PagesPreventing Sexual Harassment in the Workplace An anti-harassment policy should be set and published to every company by the employer; moreover, this policy should state and allow the employees to complain if the harassment and discrimination occur. However, employers are likely to be negligent about the important of investigating complaints of sexual harassment and appropriate solutions. (Tremblay, 2008) The most effective weapon against sexual harassment is prevention. It is impossibleRead MoreDiscrimination : A Woman Named Maddison Enjoyed Working Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesonly discriminated against her, but they discriminated against women. Discrimination is a very common in the world today. There are many different types of discrimination such as age, religion, race, disability, and sex. Many people have to deal with discrimination every day of their lives, and so do women. All companies and jobs discriminate against people, especially women. Women are always discriminated in the workplace. Women receive lower pay rates than men. Not only do women get paid less becauseRead MoreGender Discrimination At The Workplace1165 Words   |  5 PagesGender discrimination in the workplace is a recurring issue in businesses today. Employees are given the right by their employers to be protected from discrimination and inequality in the workplace. In just about every business setting today, men and women work together in the same fields, jobs, and projects. However, it has only been up until (relatively) recently that men and women have been in competition for the same jobs. With the predetermined assumptions of the different roles between bothRead MoreWorkplace Discrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination1588 Words   |  7 Pagestreat others with prejudice because of particular features they possess. Unfortunately, prejudice and discrimination occur even in places which, by definition, should be free of all personal prejudices – specifically, in offices and other bu siness surroundings. This tragedy is called workplace discrimination; not every unfair behavior at work, however, can be assessed as discrimination. Discrimination in the workplace happens when an employee experiences unfair treatment due to their race, gender, ageRead MoreEssay On Sexual Misconduct986 Words   |  4 Pagesdozens of women that have recently alleged misconduct from male colleagues in the U.S. statehouses. With allegations of sexual misconduct and sexual harassment from state lawmakers. Seven lawmakers face either partial suspensions or interim from leadership post or committees. Non-the less no state lawmaker has been expelled, yet some tend to face calls from colleagues and leaders to resign. â€Å"Fight Against Sexual Harassment Moves to Statehouses†, Senator Sara Gelser filed a complaint against a formalRead MoreWomen in the Workplace1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthere has been a drastic increase in the number of women entering and participating in the labor force (Hepburn Simon, 2006). Since early history and the ancient civilization of man, women have played a secondary role, in which women were and still are viewed as less adequate than a man. A women’s traditional role in society is that of raising children, fulfilling duties around the house, and being the primary nurturer of the family. Many women in today’s society want and desire careers and a placeRead MoreSexual Harassment At The Workplace Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years, there has been an increase in the attention given to sexual harassment at the work place. Unnecessary and unwanted sexual attention between women and men in the workplace has been there for a very long time in the past. For many years, this unwanted sexual attention has been categorized as a natural form of male/female interaction. However, this has changed as women have become more involved in organizations. Thoughts and feelings about the acceptability of this behavior are rapidlyRead MoreUnequal Opportunity For Women s Workplace1334 Words   |  6 PagesUnequal Opportunity For Women in Workplace According to Merriam Dictionary Unequal means, giving more advantages, power etc to some people and less to other people for unfair reasons. 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Reliability and Validity free essay sample

For example if the applicants are given different selection tests it would be very difficult to compare the difference among applicants. Alternatively, if a number of candidates are given the same selection test, the test should provide consistent results concerning individual difference between candidates. Six types of reliability are considered: test-retest, interrater reliability, candidate consistency, interviewer-candidate interaction, internal consistency, interrater agreement. For a selection measure to be useful its not enough for it to be repeatable or stable (i. e. eliable), it must also be valid. There are numerous ways of assessing validity, but they all focus on two basic issues: what a test measures and how well it has measured it. Three types of validity information are considered: job relatedness, reduced deficiency, and reduced contamination. Personal interviews are used by all employers and companies for selecting their staff. Interview is one of the most important steps in the staff selection procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Reliability and Validity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Interview proves important because it connects both the employers as well as job seekers. It assists employers in selecting a right person for a right job. It also helps job seekers to present their job skills and acquire a desired position on merit. There are 15 key components to consider when conducting a job interview. First key component is base questions and job analysis. There are varieties of ways you can use job analysis methods to develop structured interviews, critical incident method being the most common approach. The second key component is asking exact same questions to each candidate. Asking questions in the same order might enhance reliability because it increases the consistency of the interview and reduces EEO bias. Third key component is limit prompting, follow-up questioning, and elaboration on questions. Prompting is intended to clarify answers and seek information, so limiting its use might create deficiency. Forth key component is to use better types of questions. Question type can refer to either how the question is asked or its content. The fifth key component is using longer interview or larger number of questions. Longer interviews are more structured because they obtain a larger amount of information. Sixth key component is control ancillary information. . A threat to structure is the uncontrolled use of ancillary information. Seventh key component is not allowing questions from candidate until after the interview. Why? Because it changes the interview in unpredictable ways. Also the control and dominance of the interview can be affected. This has an increased effect of reliability and mixed for validity. Eighth key component is rating each answer or use multiple scales. Ratings can be made on each answer or on the entire interview. Multiple ratings or a single rating can be made. Three levels are considered: being to rate each answer, make multiple ratings at the end and, make one overall judgment at the end. The ninth component is use detailed anchored rating scales. Four out of the many types of anchored that can be used are example answers of illustrations, descriptions or definition of answers, evaluation of answers (e. g. excellent, good, or bad), and relative comparisons. The tenth component is taking detailed notes. Note taking may enhance structure because it reduces memory decay and avoids recency and primacy effects. The eleventh component is using multiple interviews. Using multiple interviews reduces biases and multiple judgements can cancel out random errorsd. The twelfth component is using same interviewer(s) across all candidates. This is important because different interviewers usually ask different questions and evaluate answers differently. The thirteen component is not discussing candidates or answers between interviews. This leads to irrelevant information entering the evaluation process. The fourteen component is providing extensive interview training. Training is most common to improve interviews. And last and fifteen component is using statistical rather than clinical component. To enhance structure statistical procedures are used rather than interviewer judgments. Selecting the right candidates is crucial for long term success of both multi-national companies and individual managers. The selection process is almost like a series of obstacles that applicants must cross in order to obtain the job. In my experience of being interviewed at Wal-Mart the interview difficulty was about average. I was interviewed by three people; only one person asked questions, but all three took notes. Each job candidate evaluated using a number score system. In total about five pages of questions were asked (about ten to fifteen question) and it took about an hour. Wal-Mart is one of the most popular store chains of supermarkets, department stores and warehouses in the United States and other countries (such as Canada) and it is one of the world’s largest public corporations in revenue. As one of the worlds largest companies, the job opportunities at Wal-Mart are also unlimited. Job Analysis: Job Descripition for Cashier: â€Å"A Wal-Mart cashier is responsible for effectively executing and adhering to the Basic Beliefs of the founder, Sam Walton. These beliefs entail showing the customer respect at all times, demonstrating outstanding customer service and settling for nothing less than excellence while performing daily responsibilities. † (http://www. scribd. com/doc/32968961/65/Recruitment-and-Selection-at-Wal-Mart): Wal-Mart has an excellent selection and recruitment process however that does not mean there aren’t any room for improvement. As a HR manger I would introduce the idea of Critical incident method. Critical incident method is one way Wal-Mart can improve its recruitment and selection process through job analysis. Critical incidents method is a process of job analysis that produces statements of behavioural example along a range from superior to ineffective performance for a specific job. For example, candidates are asked to identify the key dimensions of their passed job, specific critical incidents that relate to success, as well as those that lead to job failure. Once these critical incidents have been described, they are ranked with respect to their importance to success on the job. Job analysis is a basic requirement for developing valid selection procedures and has a weak positive relationship with reliability. Wal-Mart covers many of important components in selection and recruitment such as: asking the exact same questions to each candidate, using longer interview and asking large number of questions, not allowing questions from candidate till the end of the interview, rating each answer and using multiple scales, taking detailed notes and mainly using multiple interviewers. As an HR manager of Wal-Mart having to interview candidates side by other HR professionals would be an interesting experience. Having panel (multiple) interviewers increases accuracy, allowing for clarifying questions from different perspectives. If

The BRIC Countries

Introduction The modern international system, states compete for economic and political power for them to be considered superpowers. Polarity is a term used in foreign policy analysis to refer to the centre of power meaning that a state must possess certain features to be powerful.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The BRIC Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scholars of foreign policy observe that a state must be able to influence the global society politically, diplomatically, economically, culturally, militarily, and technologically for it to be accepted as a superpower. Before the First World War, there were various centres of power, including Russia, Japan, the United States and Britain. During this time, the international system was characterized by multi-polarity. Only two centres of power emerged after the Second World War, a situation referred to as bipolarity. The Cold War brought a number of chang es because it led to the emergence of only a single centre of power, which was the United States. The Soviet Union was disintegrated after the changes that were Gorbachev introduced in early 1990s (Atkinson 884). Recently, the international system is characterized by multi-polarity, but only economically because the US still dominates politically, culturally, militarily, technologically, and diplomatically. China, India, Russia, and Brazil are the emerging economies that pose a serious challenge to other developed economies, such as the United States, Japan, France, and Britain. These countries are referred to as the BRICS. The BRIC countries are developing at a very high rate economically, but a majority of them are still lagging behind in terms of cultural and political development. In these countries, political reforms are never allowed because the state controls state resources. In China, the state owns all major investments whereby an individual is the property of the state. Th e article analyzes the capability of the BRIC countries in terms of influencing the global affairs. In the article, it is noted that the countries have managed to influence economic issues, but not diplomatic and political. Demographical Comparison (Data) China released the 2010 census report in April, which shocked very many people in the world. The media focused on the getting old before it gets rich theme, which is related to the iniquitous policy proving that an individual should have just a single child due to inadequate resources.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The policy was put in place sometimes back owing to the population pressure, which placed a lot of pressure to the government regarding provision of basic needs, such as education, security, healthcare, food, and many more. Even though China is showing a good economic prosperity, it has a serious problem th at is related to population. However, population is not a curse to the Chinese government as is the case in other places, such as Africa (Lankhuizen 1402). Therefore, the population plays a critical role in China because it serves as the consumer of finished goods and services. Many organizations around the world are always interested in investing in China because of stable market. Apart from providing the market for the finished industrial goods, the population offer labour. Studies suggest that China has semi-skilled, skilled, and unskilled labour. In this regard, cheap labour is readily available, which has played a major role in boosting industrial production. The total population of China according to the 2010 census is 1.34 billion. India has a population of 1.21 while Brazil’s population is 190.7 million. The census report reveals that the population of the BRIC countries grow every decade, with China having a decadal growth of 74 million, which translates to 5.4 perce nt. For every decade, the population growth of India is 181 million, translating to 17.6 while that of Brazil is 21 million, which translates to 12.3 percent. The census reports for these countries confirm that their rise to global power is attributed to population increase. China and India had to come up with a policy that forced individuals to accept family planning strategies. In terms of gender, China has a male population of 51.3 percent while that of female is 48.7 percent. This shows that the ratio of men to women in the country is 105/100. Any population that is dominated by men has the potential of developing at a high rate because men can easily work in industries, unlike women who demand feminine jobs. India and China shares something in common, which is the gender of the population because India has ratio of 100 to 94. This translates to 51.6 percent men and 48.4 percent women. In Brazil, women are slightly more than men are because they constitute 51 percent of the tota l population while men are 49 percent. Regarding the age ratios, the BRIC countries have able population because half of the population are men. Only 16.6 percent of the population in China is made of children while the old constitute only 13.3 percent. In India, only 13 percent are children while Brazil has children population of 24 percent. In terms of the level of literacy, the BRIC countries have an educated population because the literate rate in China is over 96 percent while in India it is above 74 percent. Brazil has a literacy rate of over 91 percent. In China, 49.7 percent of the population lives in urban areas while 30 percent live of the population of the population lives in the urban areas in India. In Brazil, over 84.4 percent of the population are urban dwellers (Groot 507).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The BRIC Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The data presented above shows that the BRIC have the high chances of excelling economically because the number individuals who can engage in economic development is very high. In some countries, the population is an issue of concern because able individuals should be imported from other countries. The population below six years is reducing in India while the population between 15 to 64 years is increasing in China. This shows that these countries will never lack sufficient markets and labour. Social Analysis In terms of social development, the BRIC countries are still facing a number of challenges because their governments are yet to formulate policies aiming at mitigating the various social challenges. However, the countries are putting up measures that would help their citizens in dealing with the challenges of globalization. Recently, the representatives of the BRIC countries met to deliberate on the ways through which the health of their citizens would be improved. Moreover, the conference discussed some of the ways that would allow the old to access basic pensions, as well as social security. Therefore, it can be observed that the BRIC countries are concentrating on improving health, setting up pension plans, and extending social security to various individuals who might be in need. In a report released by ISSA titled social security coverage extension in the BRIC countries, it was noted that social security plays a critical role in improving the welfare of the majority in society. Moreover, it was agreed that social security would be provided to individuals, given the fact that the countries host over 42 percent of the world’s population (Feenstra 78). The secretary general of ISSA was of the view that the BRIC countries have to take an initiative of understanding the social dimensions of developments in order to improve the living standards of citizens. The conference conducted an analysis of the ongoing projects related to social security and suggested new measures. Nevertheless, the countries contracted an international social security organization to undertake an extensive research to establish the social needs of citizens in the four countries. The study found out that political good will was lacking in almost all the countries meaning that leadership is still a challenge as far as implementation of social policies are concerned. The report however established that the countries had adequate economic environment that would support social policies. The leadership of ISSA observed with concern that economic objectives cannot be achieved in case the leadership of the BRIC countries do not take social development seriously. For instance, a healthy population is needed for the production process to go on interrupted. In this view, all social institutions operating the BRIC countries have to be given adequate support to enable them resolve the many issues facing the population (Bosworth 51). The governments should set standards that will go a long way in helping p eople regarding their social safety.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic Analysis (Features) Research shows that Brazil is the largest economy in the South American region. The country has a developed agricultural system, mining industries, and manufacturing companies. Moreover, the service industries in the country are well developed meaning that the macroeconomic features of the country are very stable. From 2003, the country embarked on a recovery mission whereby it was expected to attract foreign capital, decrease debt, prevent inflation of prices, and commit itself to financial tasks (Eichengreen 56). The recovery program was hindered by the 2007 global financial crisis, but the country recovered so fast The GDP level of the country returned to its initial figure, with the central bank reporting a 5 percent growth in 2010. The country relies heavily on the service sector followed by the industrial sector. Figure 1: The GDP of Brazil from 2007 to 2009 Figure 2: Brazil’s per capita from 2007 to 2009 Russia is the world’s large st country in terms of geographical area because it borders fourteen countries. The country engages in trade with various partners, mainly those in Europe. In 2007, the economy of Russia almost collapsed because the stock market was performing poorly. The economic crisis affected the prices of commodities given the fact that Russian products never had demand in the global market. Economic growth fell from 9.5 to 1.1. The country’s economy picked up in 2009, but at a low level. The increase in the prices of oil products boosted Russia’s economy since the country depends on oil. The country relies heavily on production and transportation given the fact that it owns one of the longest gas pipes in Europe referred to as Gazpromo. Among the BRIC countries, India is the less developed, even though it has a huge population. The country boosts of a cost effective labour and economy because cheapo labour force is readily available. Many developed countries outsource their work to India mainly because of cheap labour. The country relies heavily on exports and manufacturing. China is an economic powerhouse in Asia mainly because of the population, which provides adequate labour and market. The GDP growth of China was 10.456 percent in 2010, which amounted to $ 5745.13 billion. Financial analysts observe that this growth rate is expected to increase. The country opened up its economy by allowing the market to operate according to its own internal logics. However, China’s economic growth is only felt in the cities since the rural areas are still very poor (Amiti 12). Political Analysis Politically, India is perceived as the most democratic among the four BRIC countries. Nevertheless, democracy in India does not measure up to the internationally recognized standards meaning that it has a long way to go in case it wants to embrace democracy. This means that BRIC countries have serious problems regarding the rule of law, respect for human rights, media fr eedom, constitutionalism, and the existence of the civil society. For instance, the Chinese government does not allow political competition because it interferes with the position of the ruling class. In the BRIC countries, the gap between the rich and the poor is ever increasing meaning that economic gains are not distributed equally. The media is highly controlled in China and Russia, which means that it only reports what the government wants. In Brazil, the opposition is never given a chance to participate in elections democratically. The system of checks and balances do not work in the BRIC countries. The president is always in charge of foreign and domestic policy implying that citizens are never involved in making major decisions that would their lives (Rodrik 89). Works Cited Amiti, Freund. China’s Growing Role in World Trade. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. Print. Atkinson, Salverda. â€Å"Top Incomes in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom over the 20t h Century.† Journal of the European Economic Association, 3.1 (2005): 883-913. Print. Bosworth, Collins. â€Å"Accounting for Growth: Comparing China and India.† Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22.3 (2010): 45-66. Print. Eichengreen, Park. When Fast Growing Economies Slow Down: International Evidence and Implications for China. Cambridge: NBER Working Paper, 2011. Print. Feenstra, Wei. Introduction of China’s Growing Role in World Trade. Cambridge: NBER Working Paper, 2009. Print. Groot, Withagen. â€Å"Dynamics of China’s Regional Development and Pollution: An Investigation into the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Environment and Development Economics, 9.2 (2004): 507-537. Lankhuizen, Linders. â€Å"The Trade-Off between Foreign Direct Investments and Exports: The Role of Multiple Dimensions of Distance.† The World Economy, 34.1 (2011): 1395-1416. Print. Rodrik, Derick. One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions and Economic Growth, P rinceton University Press, Princeton, 2007. Print. This essay on The BRIC Countries was written and submitted by user Kyleigh Abbott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lunch Essays - Fiction, Narration, Narratology, Point Of View, Style

Lunch Essays - Fiction, Narration, Narratology, Point Of View, Style Lunch Missing heading I didS63>>> not like the way Joseph Monninger's narrator in "Lunch", G65>>> stalkedG31>>> his wife and her husband. Throughout the story, the narrator follows his ex-wife and her husband, without them ever knowing that he wasG31>>> present. He spies on their every move. There is even one moment in the story whereG33>>> the narrator,G65>>> bends over a folding chair, deliberately hiding from his ex-wife and her husband; he enjoys the advantage. I see that as being kind of creepy and unnecessary.S27>>> The narrator then says, "You realize, as you do it, that you are invisible to him, the new husband, because you have never met him. You are a spy in your wife's camp, you remind yourself, and you feel pleased and full of blood, your mouth open to take in steady breaths".S11>>> In this passage the narrator admits that he is pleased that he can continue to spy on his ex and her husband without being seen, and this causes him to breathe with excitation. He uses the advantage of being unknow n to have a common conversation with the husband, not revealing he has been following them all along. The narrator's choice to stalk and spy on his ex-wife, and to talk with husband without presenting himself, makes the story quite awkward, and non-enjoyable for me.G33>>> He should have be should have been man enough to at least say hi, instead running off like a weirdo.S27>>> Much of this is excellently done, although some of the parts of the paragraph are somewhat misplaced?Good first effort? Error Type Minus Points per Error Count Total Minus Points Missing supporting quote 1 Indent first line of paragraph 1 Unnecessary comma 2 Verb tense (error) 2 Instructor Comment 4 Missing/misplaced parenthetical citation 1 Sum of Error Count Sum of Minus Points Final Score 11

Cuánto demoran los papeles para esposos de residentes

Cunto demoran los papeles para esposos de residentes La peticià ³n de papeles para su cà ³nyuge realizada por un residente permanente se demora, en el momento de escribir este artà ­culo, entre aproximadamente 21 meses de mà ­nimo y 30 de mximo. En este artà ­culo se explican las causas de la demora, cà ³mo es posible hacer un clculo ms detallado, segà ºn el caso de cada solicitante, cosas que deben saberse mientras se estn en el medio del proceso de la tramitacià ³n y, por à ºltimo, quà © causas pueden dar lugar a la negacià ³n de peticià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. 4 factores que determinan la  demora la green card para cà ³nyuges de residentes La demora de la peticià ³n, la cual se puede presentar para un cà ³nyuge del mismo sexo o del sexo opuesto,  depende, bsicamente, de cuatro: En primer lugar, de quà © oficina del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS) debe aprobar la peticià ³n En segundo lugar, de la oficina consular en la que se realiza la entrevista para los casos de cà ³nyuge fuera de Estados Unidos o de la oficina del USCIS que debe aprobar el ajuste de estatus, para el caso de cà ³nyuges en situacià ³n migratoria legal en los Estados Unidos En tercer lugar, del nà ºmero total de peticiones de esta categorà ­a, ya que existe un nà ºmero mximo que se puede aprobar por aà ±o fiscal y asà ­, cuando se alcanza dicho nà ºmero las oficinas del gobierno paralizar el nà ºmero de peticiones aprobadas hasta que el inicio del siguiente aà ±o fiscal. Y en cuarto lugar, del paà ­s de nacimiento de la persona pedida ya que para Mà ©xico aplican unas fechas y para el resto de Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a, otras.   Pero es posible calcular las demoras y tambià ©n verificar cada poco si hay cambios en los tiempos de tramitacià ³n. Adems, si todavà ­a no se ha iniciado el trmite, esto es lo que se debe  hacer para que un residente solicite la green card para su cà ³nyuge. Paso 1: demora el USCIS en aprobar la peticià ³n El primer paso en la obtencià ³n de la green card para el cà ³nyuge es que el USCIS apruebe la solicitud. El paquete con ella se envà ­a a una oficina (depende del lugar en el que se reside) y, una vez, allà ­, se distribuye entre los llamados Centros de Servicio. A las pocas semanas de haber enviado el paquete con la solicitud se recibe una carta que tambià ©n se conoce con el nombre de NOA1. Contiene informacià ³n importante, como el nà ºmero de caso y tambià ©n el lugar en el que va a tramitar la solicitud.   Una vez que se sabe cul ha tocado, ir a esta pgina oficial, bajar el cursor, elegir el Centro de Servicio adecuado y presionar en centro de servicio fechas de trmite.   A partir de ahà ­ se abre una pgina y hacia la mitad de la misma buscar formulario I-130 peticià ³n para pariente extranjero y verificar la opcià ³n de peticià ³n de un residente permanente para un cà ³nyuge o un nià ±o menor de 21 aà ±os.   Y el tiempo de procesamiento son los meses en los que el USCIS se demora para contestar si aprueba la peticià ³n o la deniega. Lo notifica con una carta conocida como NOA2 que es muy importante porque ahà ­ aparece la fecha de prioridad. Paso 2. La gran espera por los papeles Una vez que el USCIS aprueba la solicitud hay que esperar por una visa disponible. Esto quiere decir que por ley hay un nà ºmero limitado de peticiones de tarjetas de residencia que se pueden hacer en esta categorà ­a de solicitudes de residente para esposo, lo que se conoce como F2A.   Y como el nà ºmero de solicitudes es ms grande que el nà ºmero de visas disponibles entonces se producen unos retrasos.   Cada mes el Departamento de estado publica el boletà ­n de visas. Ahà ­ es el lugar donde informarse  si ya hay visa disponible y se acabà ³ la espera. La manera de mirarlo es teniendo la fecha de prioridad en la mano. Si la fecha es anterior al dà ­a que el boletà ­n de visas seà ±ala para la categorà ­a F2A, eso quiere decir que comienza de nuevo la tramitacià ³n que falta.Si es ms reciente, hay que seguir esperando. En la actualidad, el boletà ­n de visas est dividido en dos grandes categorà ­as.   En el caso en que se puede ajustar el estatus, verificar la fecha en dates for filing. Por el contrario, los casos con procedimiento consular deben consular el final action. Paso 3. Ajuste de estatus o procedimiento consular Entonces pueden pasar dos cosas segà ºn dà ³nde se encuentra el cà ³nyuge pedido: Si est en Estados Unidos legalmente se puede proceder a su ajuste de estatus. Y aquà ­ se explica cà ³mo verificar los tiempos de demora para eso. Recordar que los esposos de residentes en situacià ³n migratoria de ilegalidad no pueden ajustar su estatus y, por lo tanto, antes de iniciar cualquier trmite migratorio deberà ­an consultar y asesorarse con un abogado. Si la persona pedida est fuera de Estados Unidos habr unas gestiones (como envà ­o del affidavit of support) con el Centro Nacional de Visas y los pasos finales se harn en el paà ­s de cada uno, incluyendo una entrevista en el consulado o Embajada. Aunque las demoras varà ­an por paà ­s en là ­neas generales puede decirse que desde que hay visa disponible a la finalizacià ³n del proceso no pasan ms de seis meses.   Problemas en la peticià ³n de la green card para esposos Estas son 42 causas por las que se deniega la green card. No todos los problemas son iguales, ya que en algunos casos es posible pedir un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver. En otros casos, el castigo es solamente temporal. Finalmente, en algunas circunstancias no ser posible encontrar arreglo y no se obtendr la green card. Adems, tratndose de un matrimonio, el USCIS y, en su caso, el consulado va a poner atencià ³n para averiguar si el matrimonio es real o es sà ³lo de conveniencia.   Recordar que los  esposos de residentes que estn en Estados Unidos como indocumentados  no pueden ajustar su estatus por matrimonio. Con lo que si los piden en esa situacià ³n tendrn que salir de Estados Unidos y allà ­ puede saltar el problema del  castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os. Por todas estas razones dichas, es recomendable antes de iniciar trmite asesorarse con un buen abogado de inmigracià ³n cuando alguno de esos problemas puedan aparecer. Mientras se est esperando por los papeles Mientras se espera por la green card, puede suceder que el solicitante cambie de estatus legal al naturalizarse y convertirse en ciudadano estadounidense. Esto es lo que debe  hacer si el residente se convierte en ciudadano.   Por otra parte, tambià ©n mientras se espera por la green card si el cà ³nyuge est fuera de Estados Unidos puede que desee viajar para reunirse con su esposa o marido. Pero esto no siempre es posible y conviene enterarse de las posibilidades de ser exitoso al  pedir una visa de turista mientras se espera por green card. Asimismo, como las cosas de amor pueden ser cambiantes, es importante conocer cà ³mo  afecta el divorcio a la green card. Consejos para que todo el trmite resulte bien Estados Unidos es un paà ­s diferente en muchos aspectos como por ejemplo, el migratorio, el legal, o en materia de impuestos, etc. Para evitar problemas y conocer los derechos todas las personas que desean emigrar deberà ­an familiarizarse cuanto antes con los aspectos bsicos del paà ­s y asà ­ evitar ms tarde problemas indeseados.   Adems, este es un listado de telà ©fonos y pginas webs en los que se puede verificar informacià ³n sobre el caso y obtener buenos recursos migratorios.   Finalmente, se aconseja tomar este quiz - trivial o test- para verificar que tienes los conocimientos bsicos para obtener y conservar la tarjeta de residencia. Es difà ­cil conseguirla. No corras el riesgo de que te la cancelen por ignorancia. Este artà ­culo es sà ³lo informativo, no es consejo legal.

Lukes the Prodigal Son and Hollywoods Perception of the Gospel Essay

Lukes the Prodigal Son and Hollywoods Perception of the Gospel - Essay Example Here, at his execution, Jesus is tempted by an alluring image of a peaceful and pleasant life with Mary Magdelene to try to get him to refuse the sacrifice he must make. The carpenter Jesus of Nazareth, tormented by the temptations of demons, the guilt of making crosses for the Romans, pity for men and the world, and the constant call of God, sets out to find what God wills for him. But as his mission nears fulfillment, he must face the greatest temptation: the normal life of a good man. This movie is actually not based on the Gospels, but on Nikos Kazantzakis' novel of the same name. But in a sense, whether it is a movie or a novel, this ideology of a common and insignificant life is more of modern conception of self-help motives driven by (apparently) hazard free market economy. Jesus is shown at the outset as a lonely, masochistic soul full of self-contempt, tempted to leave the cross for the life of an ordinary man who knows the felicities of marriage, sex, and family: this is th e "last temptation" that nearly wrenches away the meaning of his sacrifice. But here is a perception that invokes the feeling of a common man who wants the world to be ideally trouble free and simple. Alternately, Godspell (1973) written and directed by David Greene based on the novel by John-Michael Tebelak is a modern-day version of the gospels, opening with John the Baptist

Increasing use of Medical Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Increasing use of Medical Marijuana - Essay Example So, the medicines developed from cannabis are also known as psychoactive drugs. So, these drugs are offered high attention by the young generations of this era as compared to many other medical drugs (Politics. Co.UK. n. d). Cannabis is recognized as marijuana. Cannabis or marijuana drugs are mainly used as a stimulant to increase the appetite of the body, improve the mood or relaxation of the entire body. So, it is also recognized as recreational drugs and excess intake of these drugs might cause negative impacts over the health of the body such as anxiety, reddening of the eyes, dry mouth, loss of memory and many others. Therefore, due to these sorts of side effects, it is illegal to carry or consuming a small amount of cannabis or medical marijuana in any of its form. But, in-spite of implementation of numerous rights and regulations of the government, the use of cannabis or medical marijuana is increasing at a rapid rate among the individual of all age groups and all income groups (Politics. Co.UK. n. d). Cannabis or medical marijuana is considered as one of the most illicit drug in the entire globe, but legalizing its use for medical purposes created a considerable challenge for all. Due to such legalization, the usage rate of medical marijuana increased mainly among the youth adults of age-groups, 12 to 20 years. However, the rate of consumption of medical marijuana is also extremely high in the nations comprising of numerous rules and laws against its consumption rather than those, without comprising any laws. Therefore, due to increased rate of consumption of medical marijuana, the rate of crimes, alcohol consumption, loss of memory and deaths increased to a significant extent as compared to previous era. According to a research, conducted by Moir & et. al. (2008), it might be clearly depicted that the smoke of cannabis or marijuana comprises of more than 15,00 harmful and toxic chemicals such as carbon monoxide, irritants, hydrogen cyanide,

Critical theory and professionalism Essay Example for Free

Critical theory and professionalism Essay In what ways can critical theory shed light on professionalism? This presentation explores how critical theory can provide a perspective for critiquing professionalism in education. In so doing the nature of the relationship between the professionalisation and social movement trends in education is addressed. An attempt at a definition of professionalism is going to be the focus of the first part of the presentation. Several concepts articulated within critical theory are discussed for their relevance to the issue of professionalism. The work of the Frankfurt School is underlined, drawing parallels to the work of Gramsci and Freire. In the final analysis, specific issues and questions raised by the perspective of Critical Theory are reflected upon as they apply to the professionalisation of education. The concept of professionalism Literature on professionalism is in its abundance. There have been many attempts at providing a clear definition, including the government-led agendas calling for higher degrees on professionalism in education. It can be noted at the outset that attempts at coming up with a definition of professionalism in education have struggled to agree on a particular one. Freidson (1994) has concluded that the use of the term professionalism is inconsistent. He argues that professionalism is ‘The Third Logic’, claiming that professions are occupational groupings that exercise relatively high degrees of control over the conditions as well as how they carry out their work. This kind of arrangement provides a mechanism for organising some aspects of social life in a way that properly deploys specialist knowledge. Professionalism is therefore viewed as a mode of social coordination and competes with, and provides some insulation from, both market and bureaucratic forms of organisation. It has also been viewed as â€Å"a state of mind† or ideology that reflects a way of thinking about the cognitive aspects of a profession and the characteristics that typify a professional (Van Ruler, 2005). In other words, in the case of teaching, professionalism is the cultural means by which we give meaning, purpose, definition, and direction to work as professionals and the place of practitioners in society. It can therefore be claimed that there is no universal agreement of the concept. It has been implored by some authorities for teaching to become evidence-based profession like medicine and law. Hargreaves, for example describes teaching as the â€Å"paradoxical profession†. He asserts that of all the jobs that are, or aspires to be professions, only teaching is expected to create the human skills and capacities that will enable individuals and organizations to survive and succeed. (Hargreaves, 2003). Carr (1992) has suggested that in this ‘extended’ view of educational professionalism, education and teaching are to be understood by reference to the elaborative network of public duties, obligations and responsibilities in which teaching as a social role is implicated. It can be asserted that if teaching is a profession, there has been an assumption that teachers should be equipped with capacities for autonomous judgement and the freedom to exercise this judgement. It could be considered inappropriate for politicians or employers to dictate to teachers what is or is not worthy of inclusion in the school curriculum, or what kinds of knowledge and skill are crucial for the professional conduct of teaching. It is with this view in mind that Flinders (1980) has argued that teaching is an open-ended activity. Helsby (1995) claims that professionalism is subject to geographical and cultural differences and it can be understood as relating to exceptional standards of behaviour, dedication as well as a strong service ethic. This view is supported by Bryan (2003) who argues that professional work can be seen to be increasingly influenced by politics. This can be justified by the claim that the policies of governments are ideologically driven, hence professionalism may be understood as constructs which develop in response to ideological influences. Thomas (2012) uses professionalism as a descriptor of a combination of teachers’ specific capabilities and knowledge, the purpose and ethical underpinnings of their work, the extent to which they are able to exercise independent and critical judgement, their role in shaping and leading changes in their field, and their relationship to other stakeholders. Despite the vicissitude of the notion of professionalism in education, standard analyses of how this concept can be applied in public services such as teaching and nursing have stressed the importance of specialist knowledge  and expertise, ethical codes as well as procedures concerned with training, induction and continuing professional development (Flexner, 1915; Larson, 1977; Langford, 1978; Eraut, 1994). Attached to this view of professionalism is the assumption that in exchange for a greater say in matters related to school and teaching, teachers are expected to submit to greater levels of scrutiny and work roles that go beyond classroom teaching (Stone-Johnson, 2013). In this exchange there is a shift of power whereby as the work of the teachers becomes increasingly professionalised, teachers appear to have surrendered degrees of professionalism. The critical project in education supervenes from the postulation that pedagogical practices are linked to social practices, and that it is the task of the critical intellectual to identify and address injustices in these practices. The Frankfurt School’s perception of Critical Theory was driven by an underlying commitment to the notion that theory as well as practice must inform the work of those who seek to transform the oppressive conditions that exist in the world. Their ideas influenced other great critical theorists such as Freire and Gramsci. If the notion of critical theory is to be linked to the debate on professionalism, it can be argued that the development of critical pedagogy out of critical theory has changed the way through which the role of the teacher is seen, particularly the professional position of the teacher in the society. It has been argued that there has been a widespread erosion of professional autonomy in recent years (Barton et al, 1994, Whitty et al 1998). This has been a result of the centralisation of control over all aspects of teacher’s work such as curriculum (National Curriculum, literacy and numeracy hours), assessment, (SATs, QAA/ Ofsted Inspections) and conditions of service (imposed by the employers in a controlled quasi-market regulated by centralist funding formulae, league tables and inspection regimes.) (Freidson, 2001). This can be corroborated by a survey of teachers carried by Helsby and McCulloch (1997) as it showed that the government onslaught of edicts and initiatives demolished professionalism. It has been argued the formulation of policy documents have positioned the teacher as fundamentally impotent in terms of curriculum design. The teacher  has been reduced to a mere curriculum deliverer. This is mainly to system of communication that is viewed as one-sided by educational critiques. Murphy and Fleming (2010) have attempted to deal with this issue by using the Habermas’ notion of communicative action. They argue that, for Habermas, the essential feature of communicative action is that it aims at reaching agreement. Furthermore in order for that agreement to be not only mutually acceptable but satisfactory, its participants must be willing to make and defend validity claims such as claims of truth, rightness and truthfulness. Habermas’ notion accedes to the fact that while validity claims are raised automatically in everyday communication, it is only when communication aims primarily at reaching consensus, and when participants provide reasons for their argument, that rationality actually manifests itself. It can be argued that in the case of professionalism, Critical Theory is meant to herald a liberatory education that empowers stakeholders, fosters curiosity and critical thinking, and provides a means for crucial successful bottom-up, top-down engagement in the political arena. The introduction of a prescriptive and centralised National Curriculum has greatly weakened the professional confidence of teachers, (Helsby and McCulloch, 1997). It has also left them uncertain of their ability to cope and of their right to take major curriculum decisions. This has resulted in the government having more control over the teaching profession, (Meyer- Emerick, 2004). Critical theory prefers to call this process ‘one-dimensionality’ of life. Thus this extended the existing understanding of power and its impact on the construction of knowledge. Gramsci was deeply concerned with the manner in which domination was undergoing major shifts and changes within the industrial western societies. He developed a theory of hegemony, whereby he sought to explain the manner by which these changes were exercised more and more through the moral leaders of the society (including teachers) who participated in and reinforced universal ‘common sense’ notions of what is considered to be truth in society. This is consonant with Foucault’s questioning of what he termed ‘regimes of truth’ that were upheld and perpetuated through the manner in which particular knowledge was legitimated within the context of a variety of power relationships within the society. Foucault’s perceptions of power is not  solely at play in the context of domination, but also in the context of creative acts of resistance and these are produced as human beings are interact across the dynamic of relationship and shaped by moments of dominance and autonomy. Such a viewpoint challenges the dichotomised standpoint of either domination or powerlessness of power as enticed by radi cal education theorists. Thus it can be argued that Foucault’s writing on knowledge and power shed light on a critical understanding of the teaching profession in relation to authority. More so it does open the door to a better understanding of power relations within the context of teaching practice.

An Analysis of Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood by Richard Rodri

An Analysis of Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood by Richard Rodriguez Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood by Richard Rodriguez is an essay that shows his readers a part of life that many have never experienced. Rodriguez uses this essay to show how he fights through his childhood to understand English. Speaking clear English will help him to fit in to society. He faces society while forfeiting his happy home life, to try to become a typical English-speaking student.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a young child, Rodriguez finds comfort and safety in his noisy home full of Spanish sounds. Spanish, is his family's' intimate language that comforts Rodriguez by surrounding him in a web built by the family love and security which is conveyed using the Spanish language. "I recognize you as someone close, like no one outside. You belong with us, in the family, Ricardo.? When the nuns came to the Rodriquez?s house one Saturday morning, the nuns informed the parents that it would be best if they spoke English. Torn with a new since of confusion, his home is turned upside down. His sacred family language, now banished from the home, transforms his web into isolation from his parents. "There was a new silence in the home.? Rodriguez is resentful that it is quiet at the dinner table, or that he can't communicate with his parents about his day as clearly as before. He is heartbroken when he overhears his mother and father speaking Spanish together but suddenly stop w hen they see Rodriguez. Thi...

Y176 Tma01

Describe the three different parenting styles and discuss how they might impact on children’s behaviour. Use the module materials to illustrate your answer. Task 1 Question 1 Point 1: It is not only parenting styles that can impact on a child’s behaviour, other factors such changes in a child’s life can also affect behaviour Task 1 Question 2 Evidence for point 1: †¢Colloby et al. (2012, ch 2) With the focal family in the son Thomas’s behaviour since being diagnosed with having a hearing impairment has had a significant effect on the family. †¢Colloby et al. 2012, ch 2) Thomas was introduced to a speech and language therapist. Task 1 Question 1 Point 2: Early learning stages of a child’s life can create an impact on children’s behaviour Task 1 Question 2 Evidence for point 2: †¢Colloby et al. (2012, p. 42) states Swiss biologist and psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) â€Å"is renowned for his four-stage model of child develo pment that linked children’s behaviour to different stages of development† †¢Colloby et al. (2012, p. 42) shows a table of Piaget's first two stages of cognitive development and how these relate to key characteristics of children’s play †¢Colloby et al. (2012, p. 3) Russian psychologist, Vygotsky (1896-1934) argued that â€Å"Piaget had underestimated the role of language and social interaction in cognitive development and that children learn best in a social context with a ‘more knowledgeable other’ – someone who can support and encourage them in their learning† †¢Colloby et al. (2012, p. 43) states â€Å"Vygotsky believed that learning occurs when a child is supported by another person to do what they could not do alone. He called this the ‘zone of proximal development’†. †¢Colloby et al. (2012, p. 44) states â€Å"Feund (1990) conducted a study where young children were involved in placing fur niture in doll’s house. She concluded that playing alongside a ‘more knowledgeable other’ helped the child to achieve the next step in their own learning thereby achieving something they could not have done alone† Task 1 Question 1 Point 3: Transition in children’s lives can impact on their behaviour when a transition to daycare or school occurs. Task 1 Question 2 Evidence for point 3: †¢Colloby et al. (2012, p. 47) states â€Å"Childcare professionals play an important role in the lives of the twenty-first century family for a number of reasons† †¢Colloby et al. (2012, p. 7) states â€Å"it is much more common for both parents to go out to work, either full or part time, and so children may be accessing day-care settings for at least some of the time, before they go to school† Task 1 Question 1 Point 4: The involvement of professionals and having to build new relationships can impact on a child’s behaviour Task 1 Quest ion 2 Evidence for point 4: †¢Colloby et al. (2012, ch 2) the son Thomas has had to build new relationships and adapt to changes that he is not familiar and comfortable with. With the involvement of professionals Thomas was introduced to a speech and language therapist Task 1 Question 3The focus of this essay is to describe the three parenting styles and to discuss how they might impact on children’s behaviour. The three parenting styles are authoritarian parent, an authoritative parent and a permissive parent. I am also going to describe other factors that may impact on children’s behaviour, such as changes in a child’s life, the involvement of professionals in children’s lives, the early learning stages and also the transition children experience when having to detach from their primary carer to attend day-care or school. Authoritarian parents are considered as being disciplined, strict and controlling.Rules are set and they expect their child to f ollow them. They will not allow the child to make any choices or decisions of their own. They use a tough disciplined technique. The rules imposed are not open to negotiation with the child. They often will not explain the reasons why the rules are being imposed and also enforce their own punishment when a rule is broken. Similar, but different to, is the authoritative parent. They are also defined as strict but they have more of an understanding approach to their child when boundaries have been broken.The parent will set boundaries, rules and guidelines that are plausible rather than enforce unrealistic ones. They will explain to the child the reasons why they are being introduced, should they broken, they will also issue non-punitive punishments. The third style is a permissive parent. They recognise their child’s developmental and emotional needs but they have difficulty imposing rules and setting boundaries. This style teaches the child that rules do not have to be follow ed. They are also described as being soft and too easy going. Permissive parents become a friend rather than a parent and tend to ‘give in’ to their child very easily.A child’s behaviour can be both good and bad, so parenting styles can have a positive and a negative effect on a child. Majority of children’s behaviour problems take place during times of change and transition, this is a natural progression of development. Child psychiatrist and educator Rudolph Dreikurs (1897-1972), believed â€Å"that all humans, as social beings, want to belong and be accepted by others. He identified four goals for misbehaviour: attention, power, revenge and display of inadequacy† Colloby et al. (2012, p. 62). With the focal family in Colloby et al. 2012, ch 2) the assistance of Dreikurs four goals for misbehaviour gave Cara a better understanding of both her children. Cara was able to reflect on this information, and was able to take an impartial and objective lo ok at her children’s behaviour and address it. Initially the parenting style both Cara and Alastair were trying to establish with Thomas and Rowanna, had a disciplined approach, however, as they lived with Alastair’s mum Diane, she had a soft approach, and this did not help the situation as Diane would give in to their every needs, she adopted more of a permissive style.Children in this situation can get confused and frustrated not knowing which is right and which is wrong. Children require consistency as this can greatly impact on how they grow and develop. As well as the overall parenting style, family’s lives are affected by outside factors, such as changes in a child’s life can also affect behaviour. With the focal family in Colloby et al. (2012, ch 2) the son Thomas’s behaviour since being diagnosed with having a hearing impairment has had a significant effect on the family.Thomas has had to build new relationships and adapt to changes that he is not familiar and comfortable with. With the involvement of professionals Thomas was introduced to a speech and language therapist. In addition to the sessions they carry out together, Cara and Alastair play an important role carrying out further exercise and activity sessions at home. The home sessions became mundane and tedious, and Thomas was getting upset because he no longer wanted to do them.Early learning stages of a child’s life can create an impact on children’s behaviour as Swiss biologist and psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) â€Å"is renowned for his four-stage model of child development that linked children’s behaviour to different stages of development† Colloby et al. (2012, p. 42). Russian psychologist, Vygotsky (1896-1934) â€Å"believed that learning occurs when a child is supported by another person to do what they could not do alone. He called this the ‘zone of proximal development’†. Colloby et al. (2012, p. 4 3).Whilst I agree with Piaget’s first two stages of cognitive development, the sensori-motor stage, whereby infant’s 0-2years will practice play and be allowed to explore and experience things for themselves, and the pre-operational stage, 2-7years, when a child’s play will replicate their own experiences, and they will see things from their own perspective using their own imagination, I also agree with Vygotsky’s beliefs that children can copy a person and learn from them. Some children can be further developed than others and so a child more conversant in play can assist with another child’s development.Transition in children’s lives can impact on their behaviour when a transition to daycare or school occurs. In Society today it is much more common for both parents to go out to work, Colloby et al. (2012, p47) and so the need for childcare facilities increases. Childcare professionals play an important role in the lives of the twenty-first century family for a number of reasons, Colloby et al. (2012, p. 47). An example of this could be a child possibly needing to attend day-care before they attend school so parent(s) are able to continue with their careers.By accessing the day-care placement, a child would be allocated a key person. The role of the key person is for the child to develop a bond with them so that they will make them feel safe and secure. The choice of parenting style is crucial to a child’s psychological and social development. Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles, Colloby et al. (2012, p. 70). The chosen style should provide a loving, supporting and disciplined approach to build a healthy and happy child.A parent’s behaviour towards a child can potentially impact significantly on his or her wellbeing. The style is generally based on how they were reared themselves, or, it can be as a result of this that they choose another. It ca n also be chosen as a result of the society in which they live, their ethnicity or their cultural groups. Word Count 1,079 References Colloby, J. , Collins, J. , Conradie, L. , McKeogh, S. and Shelton, I. (2012) Understanding children and young people, Milton Keynes, The Open University.

School types and service delivery education essay

The modern school system of Sri-Lanka has its beginnings during the British colonial disposal. Schools were started by the denominational organic structures for the intent of proselytization. Later the authorities besides established schools for the instruction of the kids. The authorities schools provided direction in the national linguistic communications and there were besides bi-lingual schools ( common school ) where English was besides used. This created a double system of schools, authorities schools and denominational schools. There was besides another sort of dichotomy in that some of the denominational schools imparted English medium instruction bear downing fees from pupils which created an elitist group of schools as against the common schools supplying free instruction. As a consequence of the authorities, denominational organic structures, private organisations and persons set uping schools at that place was no planning in the location of schools. The grant of free instruction with the execution of Special Committee recommendations under the stewardship of Dr. C.W.W. Kannangara in 1945 and the return over of schools in 1960 reduced some of the unfairnesss that existed in the school system. During the last 50 old ages some grade of rationalisation has been achieved. But still there are broad differences and deficiency of uniformity in the school system.School Types and Service DeliveryAt present Sri- Lanka has a 13 twelvemonth span of schooling. Schools are classified on the footing of the educational phases available in the school and besides taking into consideration the class watercourse offered at senior secondary degree. The schools are classified by type as follows: Type 111 Schools: – Primary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 5 Type 11 Schools: – Junior schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 11 1C Schools: – Senior Secondary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 13 or Rate 6 to 13 with lone Humanistic disciplines and Commerce watercourses at G.C.E. A.L 1AB Schools: – Senior Secondary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 13 or Rate 6 to Rate 13 with all 4 watercourses at G.C.E.A.L In finding the construction of the school system, one has to see the economic sciences of educational proviso. With the demographic passage, migration to urban countries and the growing of private schools, the registration of pupils in authorities schools is worsening and the figure of little schools has increased. The following table gives the distribution of authorities schools by size.Table – Government Schools by Type and Size of Student PopulationTypeSize1AB1C23Entire& lt ; 50–01 198 1334 1533 51- 100–05 611 787 1403 101 – 200–66 1419 459 1934 201 – 500 08 660 1620 183 2439 501 – 1000 106 826 295 112 1339 1001- 1500 162 256 45 28 491 1501 – 2000 142 49 08 06 205 & gt ; 2000 263 20 08 01 292 Entire 681 1883 4204 2910 9678Beginning: School Census 2007About one tierce of the schools have an registration of less than 100 students on axial rotation while there are 292 schools with over 2000 students. The little schools are disadvantaged in many facets. Dearth of physical and human resources, hapless place background of students, deficiency of community support, unavailability to modern influences such as the media are factors which compromise the rule of equity enshrined in the Constitution. Equity in instruction starts with just entree to schooling. The Education Sector Development Framework and Programme of the Ministry of Education emphasizes, guaranting equity by enabling all kids to hold entree, to take part in and complete BASIC and secondary instruction. In order to guarantee just entree to primary instruction, the authorities has established a widely scattered web of schools throughout to state.Number of Government Schools by Functional Grade Span, 2006Grade 1-5Grade 1-8Grade 1-11Grade 1-13Grade 6-11Grade 6-13Entire2486 490 4199 2213 27 299 9714Beginning: Annual School Census, Ministry of EducationThe policy of the authorities is to supply a primary school within 2 kilometers to every kid of the age scope 5 to 9 old ages and a secondary school within 4 kilometers to every kid of 10 to 16 age scope. Because of this policy a figure of schools with little categories are seen particularly in distant countries.Number of Government Schools by Size of Student Population, 2006Number / Percentage of School with& lt ; 50 Students51-100 Students101-200 Students201-500 Students501-1000Students1001-2500 Students& gt ; 2500 StudentsEntire1,549 1,392 1,966 2,514 1,340 817 136 9,714 16.0 % 14.3 % 20.2 % 25.9 % 13.8 % 8.4 % 1.4 % 100.0 %Beginning: Annual School Census, Ministry of EducationThe definition of a little school at nowadays is based on the exclusive standard of registration of pupils. Harmonizing to this standard a school holding less than 100 pupils is considered to be a little school. Under the programme â€Å" Rationalization of School Network † , in 1996, 356 little schools were reported to hold been closed, as they were presumed to be wasteful. The two chief standards for shutting schools were: Minimal registration ; and Availability of alternate educational installations within a prescribed distance. Low pupil registration was a characteristic of around 80 % of the schools that were closed. The research surveies have discovered some major grounds for the diminution in pupil registration in these schools. They are: The handiness of ‘better ‘ schools in the local environment and the aspirations of parents to direct their kids to these schools, if their household resources permitted it ( a ) the hapless direction of these little schools by Principals and the hapless quality instruction ( B ) the indifference of instruction functionaries, Principals and community leaders towards the public assistance and promotion of the kids in little schools and the attendant impairment of the quality of instruction provided in them The little schools are found tucked off in distant rural pockets, among the hills in the plantations, in new colony countries along the seashore and in the thick of overcrowded urban homes, sometimes in the shadow of popular schools. These schools add up to about 3000 which is about one tierce of the entire figure of schools providing to primary school kids. These schools cater chiefly to kids of the poorest of the hapless. They have been neglected and forgotten and the parents of these schools are less demanding and prone to accept their batch. Inadequate resources portray the disregard and deficiency of concern. The stray nature of the little schools, unequal grasp of any good work done and deficiency of supervisory and consultative aid are issues in developing these schools. Small schools have to be reviewed in the context of their scenes and entirety of the job. The many-sided nature of the job calls for a many-sided attack. While acknowledging the demand to go on with little schools where there is a existent demand and presuming that rationalisation may take to the dropout of students, at least in countries where schooling installations are available within a sensible distance, some grade of rationalisation can be accomplished. Education Sector Development Framework and Programme ( MOE, 2006 ) analyses the wastage incurred by little schools. Harmonizing to School Census, there are 258 schools with less than 15 students with a instructor student ratio of 1: 04, 717 schools with less than 25 students with a ratio of 1: 07 and 1525 schools with less than 50 students with a ratio of 1: 11. It has to be noted that when the figure of students is less, the quality of instruction imparted in such schools is besides hapless. In order to run into this state of affairs a strategy of grouping schools in a geographical country as a school household should be explored. There is besides the issue of National Schools which are managed by the Central Ministry of Education. There are no recognized standards for upgrading a school to a degree of a National School. Of the 329 national schools at present, really few conform to the criterions laid down originally for placing national schools. The standard that would warrant a school to be a National School should be the fact that kids from all over the state are admitted to that school, that it is an all island school. Admission to such schools should entirely be on virtue. There can non be a primary subdivision in a National School as admittances to primary categories are done on the footing of the propinquity of the parent ‘s abode to the school. An extra standard would be the multi-ethnic composing of the school where kids of all communities are admitted and all three media are available which would advance national coherence. Sing the demand for advancing national integrity in the present context and the function instruction can play in advancing national harmoniousness, much idea should be given for the possibility of forming multiethnic schools in countries where the communities are multiethnic. In such schools all three linguistic communications can be used as media of direction and kids will turn up together as Sri -Lankans, while understanding their heritage and esteeming the civilization of other communities. Another issue is whether the authorities should hold a monopoly of instruction or in add-on to State proviso of instruction whether private-public partnerships should be encouraged. When the schools were taken over in 1960 merely a few class 1 schools remained as private and non fee-levying schools. There was a class of schools that were fee-levying and private, i.e. those who opted to maintain off from the free instruction strategy in 1951. Since 1980s, another class of private schools have sprung up and are known as â€Å" International Schools. † These schools are registered as concern organisations with the Registrar of Companies and conflict the commissariats of the Assisted Schools and Training Colleges ( Supplementary Provisions ) Act No. 8 of 1961 which stipulates that no individual other than the Director of Education can set up a school for kids between the ages of five and 14 old ages. Further, there is a misdemeanor of the Education Amendment Act of 1945 which stipulates that the primary instruction of kids should be provided in the female parent lingua ( Sinhala or Tamil ) . To acquire over these jobs, these schools have been registered as concern organisations with the Registrar of Companies. Earlier these schools prepared kids for foreign scrutinies and direction was provided in the English medium. Now some of these schools are supplying classs based on the local course of study and the pupils sit t he local GCE ( O/L ) and ( A/L ) scrutinies as private campaigners. Some International Schools appear to supply instruction get downing from Early Childhood Care and Development Stage ( ECCD ) up to Advanced Level and Degree degree scrutinies. From the Primary Level the medium of direction is in English. The demand for popular schools is of all time increasing and the parents with moderate degrees of income, who fail to acknowledge their kids to such schools are compelled to acknowledge their kids to International Schools sing the advantage of larning English every bit good. One of the chief aims of instruction is to bring forth a Sri Lankan citizen with a common set of values. The NEC has proposed Common National Objectives for General Education. The schools established by private organisations with net income doing aims can non be expected to carry through the common aims proposed by the National Education Commission. Further, the deficiency of encouragement to larn history and national civilizations in the course of study lead to the production of persons who do non value and respect national heritage and civilization. These schools appear to be popular among certain sections of society as indicated from the rapid growing of the figure of schools. Accurate statistics of this class of schools are non available but approximative figure may be around 300. The chief attractive force to these schools is the instruction in English medium. However, most of these schools do non hold even the basic installations required for a school. Most categories are housed in residential premises and there is in sufficient infinite for kids in the schoolrooms and equal airing. Other installations for athleticss and excess curricular activities are minimum. Hence, there is a turning demand that these schools be regulated by the authorities. Another class of schools working with authorities aid are the schools supplying instruction for kids with particular demands. There are 25 Assisted Schools tally for kids with particular demands. The prevailing doctrine of particular instruction is inclusion. As these kids have to be integrated to normal society, MOE has started incorporating pupils with particular demands in normal categories. In order to point these kids to the normal school particular instruction units have been established in about 1000 schools. However, particular schools are necessary for kids with terrible disabilities.IssuesThe dichotomy of schools at the clip of independency was reduced by free instruction, displacement to national linguistic communications as the medium of direction and the cardinal school system, but the blazing disparity continues doing the policy of equal instruction chance a farce. The location of schools, peculiarly the secondary schools is non good distributed as it has been done in an unplanned manner and about all non authorities schools were located in urban countries. The imbrication of the terminology of the ‘types ‘ of schools and the attendant confusion in execution of policies and programmes. The marginalisation and the disregard of little schools which are the chief avenues of educational chance to kids of deprived households, to carry through their right to instruction. The present categorization of schools deficiencies lucidity as a effect of ad-hoc alterations over the old ages, choosing few schools and resourcing them while the hapless schools were farther neglected obliging the pupils rush to urban schools, doing the hapless schools poorer and little schools smaller. The increasing force per unit area on big popular schools in urban Centres which are undergoing uncontrolled enlargement to run into the demand ensuing in overcrowded categories where acquisition and instruction may non be effectual. Schools that have started with cultural or spiritual background want to keep the same position and individuality without altering to a multi-ethnic and multi spiritual schools. International schools which are non legal and run as concern organisations do non conform to the educational jurisprudence and do non carry through the common aims determined by the National Education Commission.ProposalsThe school should be an establishment that fulfils the right of every kid to quality instruction that aims at developing a common set of values that identifies him/her as a Sri Lankan with dedication to Motherland while esteeming one ‘s ain individuality.The authorities should set up a construction with two types of schools, viz. , primary schools holding Grades 1 to 5 and secondary schools with Grades 6 to 11 or 6 to 13.Management, facilitation and rating of all public schools should be the duty of the Provincial Department of Education. Categorization of schools by different names ( National, Navodya etc. , ) should be discontinued.Education Division should be the unit to form the web of primary and secondary schools. Each secondary school should hold at leas t 5 primary feeder schools. The figure of schools in a division should be determined by the figure of school traveling age kids in the Division.In countries where schools are far apart and student Numberss are low, primary schools may carry on categories up to Rate 9 for a fixed period of clip.In order to guarantee continuity of instruction, a kid who is finishing the primary degree should be assured of a secondary school.Small Schools, which serve the small town community demands, should be encouraged to go on by supplying them with necessary support to develop as educationally feasible establishments.All really hard and hard schools should be upgraded with both human and physical resources to supply a quality instruction to make the mark of educating all kids likewise.Mechanisms should be developed to oversee and supervise little schools in order to guarantee criterions and to take prompt remedial actions when necessary.Primary subdivision ( Grades 1-5 ) of all bing 1AB and 1C sch ools should be delinked by 2015 and map as primary schools.State should do available a primary school within a radius of 2km and a secondary school within a radius of 5km. All primary and secondary schools should supply equal resources to guarantee para and equality of the quality of instruction provided by them.All unregistered Private schools including International schools should be registered with the Provincial Departments of Education. They should be regulated with norms for appropriate physical environment, necessary makings of instructors, medium of direction and a course of study constituent related to National Heritage and kid ‘s faith issued by the Central Ministry of Education.All Private and International Schools should be capable to supervising by the Ministry of Education and Provincial Ministries of Education.All Private and International Schools should run as non-profit organisations and all net incomes obtained should be ploughed back to the development of th e school.All schools should follow a procedure of inclusive instruction for kids with particular instruction demands. However ‘Special Schools ‘ may go on for badly disabled kids who require particular intervention.Section 25 of the Assisted Schools and Training Colleges Act No. 8 of 1961 should be amended to let the enrollment of private and international schools.School Calendar and School HoursThe school calendar for the twelvemonth is determined by the MOE and is unvarying for all schools. This is necessary because of the national vacations and the demand to co-occur school vacations with the scrutinies calendar. Suggestions have made that schools should hold holidaies taking into consideration the agriculture forms of the country as older school kids take portion in agricultural activities of the family. The provincial governments may be given the discretion to amend the school calendar to accommodate local demands without upseting the school vacations and public scr utinies. The figure of school yearss at present is about 200 a twelvemonth. School hours are 5 hours for the primary and 6 hours for the secondary. In the past secondary schools had two Sessionss forenoon and afternoon with a tiffin interruption. This is desirable as pupils can take portion in extra-curricular activities without taking clip from academic Sessionss. However due to jobs in conveyance, supplying a mid twenty-four hours repast and long distance that kids have to go dual Sessionss are non executable.ProposalsThe minimal figure of school yearss must be 200 yearss a twelvemonth. The states should be given the discretion to make up one's mind on school footings taking into consideration the local demands.Classroom instruction clip per twenty-four hours should be 5 hours for the primary and 6 hours for the secondary.Admission of Children to SchoolAdmission of kids to schools is an issue that has been the topic of argument at national degree. The job is that a certain class of parents resort to all sorts of artifices to acquire their kids admitted to the so called esteemed schools. Harmonizing to the current strategy of admittances propinquity of the abode of the parents play a major portion in the choice procedure and parents resort to deceitful patterns to turn out their abode. Children are trained to express prevarications and references near to these schools fetch really high monetary values in the belongings minutess some of which are fake minutess. Even after such intense competition the bulk of the parents fail to acquire their kids admitted to the school of their pick. As a consequence of influence mongering the figure of kids in the categories has increased to unwieldy Numberss even traveling beyond 50 in certain cases. It is impossible to implement activity based, kid centred course of study in such big categories. It is non desirable to follow any assessment standards at this degree for choice of pupils. In higher categories merit as found through an a ssessment procedure can be used for choice of pupils. Committees appointed to look in to this job have come out with assorted recommendations. Some of these are making off with primary subdivisions of esteemed schools or utilizing random choice procedures. However, the really influential yesteryear student anterooms have vitiated all these moves.ProposalsAdmission of Children to SchoolAdmission to Rate 1Childs who complete 5 old ages of age by 31st January of the twelvemonth of admittance should be admitted to Rate 1.Admission to Rate 1 should be chiefly on the footing of propinquity to the school from the abode of the parents.The maximal figure of students admitted to a category on the above footing should be 35.Children should non be subjected to any kind of proving or rating for the intent of admittance to Rate 1.

Strategic Management of Organizations

Strategic Management of Organizations Organizational structure Structure generally means the framework on which an organization is built and functions that keep the organization going. Organizational structure is the operating guideline that informs the members or workers how the organization works.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management of Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Structure explains the way members are received, how leaders are chosen, and the process of decision-making. Organizational structure explains the way an organization puts workers and jobs for effective work performance and goal realization (Baligh, 2005). Channel of communication depends on the size of the organization; small organizations have short channels of communication because the top manager can reach the lowest ranked employee easily. On the other hand, large organizations have long channels of communication because they contain many departments an d functions. From these decisions, an organizational structure is established. Organizational structure may be centralized or decentralized. In centralized structure, the top management is vested with the most of decision-making and total control over the organization’s departments, subdivisions, and divisions. In decentralized organizational structure, power and authority over control and decisions making is evenly distributed and the independence between departments and divisions is different (Baligh, 2005). In an organization, regardless of its size, employees’ tasks and complexity is defined by what function it partakes, its supervisors, and managers. Organizations use organizational charts to simplify relationship between its departments and positions and their interdependence. The finest organizational structure designed by any organization relies on many factors such as its work, revenue, number of employees, geographic distribution of its amenities, and the col lection of its trading. Organizational structures have been in existence since the ancient past, they have evolved to date because of their needs and complexities in the current organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How Organizational Structure Implement Organizations Strategy Organizational strategy is the tactic, which an organization uses to meet its future goals, mission, vision, and targets. An organization must compare its present state to the projected future state then look at the difference and plan on how to cover the difference through changing its working tactics. There are several organizational structures, which include pre-bureaucratic structures, bureaucratic structures, post bureaucratic structures, functional structures, divisional structures, and matrix structures. Organization strategy includes sequence of authority, span of organizing, departmentalization, circulation of authority, and organization’s height. These elements are integrated within an organization to give out the desired outcome in type of the organization and the management required (Baligh, 2005). The Basic Building Blocks of Organizational Structure An organization needs to be built on several organizational blocks to ensure and strengthen its survival. These blocks help in making sure that the organization is focused in its target of meeting its future goals. These blocks include: Hierarchy Hierarchy or layers of organization is the primary most component of the organizational structure, individuals’ need to have people above them to obey, respect, consult, and structure the way of achieving a target. Organization’s layer means the length of the line of communication, that is the procedure followed before the information from service man reaches the department manager. Hierarchy flow of information is mostly exercised in the b ureaucratic organizations where the individual must report directly to his or her immediate supervisor. Hierarchy act as a major organizational block because it determines each employee’s authority and responsibility in the organization. Hierarchy makes organization to be organized because every employee is aware of his or her duties (Tannenbaum, 2006). Formalization Formalization is another major form of an organization building block. Through formalization, an organization decisions, orders, and standards are passed to all employees. Formalization is closely attached to both leadership and hierarchy. A number of organizations prefer tight bureaucratic system of administration because these systems establish strict orders and methods in the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management of Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bureaucratic systems call for rigid communication cha nnels. On the other hand, some other organizations allow for non-bureaucratic procedures, which allow for collaborative decisions making, employees dissent, and alternative ideas from employees. These kinds of organizations allow for flexible decision-making and channels of communication (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Divisions Division is a basic building block for organization structure. Divisions depend on the size of the organization; small organizations can survive on one division in charge of all the operations because their operations are not complicated. On the other hand, all organization divide their operations according to the departments available such as; information technology department, accounting department, procurement department, transport department, marketing department, human resource department among others are created according to the organizations need. Other organizations divide the organization according to the production need, these may include vacuum cl eaners division, packaging division, processing division among others. This makes it easy for each division to be able to identify its authorities and responsibilities with ease and controlling confusion in the lines of duty (Philips Gully, 2012). Temporary Constructs Temporary constructs are basic building blocks in that they are frequently used by organizations to resolve issues arising from the operations and employees. Most of organizations will assign or create groups for a specified period to handle a problem arising in the organization or take care of a new project, the group may be selected internally or externally. Most organization prefers dedicated troubleshooters since they are good in getting a solution and working on an issue. Organizations are opposed to this approach though it saves time in handling a certain project (Philips Gully, 2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of each of the Building Blocks of Organizational Structure Hierarchy is advantageous in that those who are in the top positions enjoy a lot of privileges. Those at the top are vested with complex decision-making consequently making it easy for an organization to handle its complexities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hierarchy is disadvantageous in that those at the lowest positions feel oppressed at some time because they enjoy no privileges, its procedural for decisions to get to the bottom level and there is limited interaction between the top management and the bottom workers so their problems are less heard. Formalization of an organization has the following advantages: it makes the goals of the organization to be clearly defined, it makes the business become legal entity, and it clarifies the organization’s objectives. The disadvantages include: formalization creates rigidity, long long-term planning is discouraged, and reduces creativity among employees. Organization division is advantageous in that it increases specialization and as a result, quality products and services are produced, division allows an organization form the culture of spirit de corps leading to higher production. Division disadvantages include politics between the divisions may arise, this may reduce production because of the competition between the divisions and divisions may undermine each other leading to inter division organization conflicts (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). References Baligh, H. H. (2005). Organization Structures: Theory and Design, Analysis and Prescription. New York: N.Y.: Springer. Philips, J., Gully, S. M. (2012). Organizational behavior : Tools for success. Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Swayne, L. E., Duncan, J. W., Ginter, P. M. (2008). Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pulishers. Tannenbaum, A. S. (2006). Heirarchy in organizations: An international comparison. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.